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Inhalt
1 General economic trends ...................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Developments up to mid-2021 .................................................................................... 3
1.2 Outlook ........................................................................................................................ 4
2 Wood Resource Policy 2030 – Strategy, Objectives and Wood Action Plan 2021–2026
(Summary)............................................................................................................................... 4
3 Developments in forest products markets .......................................................................... 5
3.1 Overview and general trends ...................................................................................... 5
3.2 Outlook ........................................................................................................................ 6
3.3 Excellence in Swiss timber construction ..................................................................... 6
3.3.1 Example 1: Residential development in Maiengasse Basel, canton of Basel-Stadt. .. 8
3.3.2 Example 2: Agricultural centre in St Gallen – new-build conference centre in Salez in
the canton of St Gallen. ............................................................................................. 10
3.3.3 Example 3: Renovation and addition of a floor to a residential building in Vevey in
the canton of Vaud. ................................................................................................... 12
3.3.4 Example 4: Headquarters of the Swatch-Omega Group in Biel-Bienne in the canton
of Bern. ...................................................................................................................... 14
3.3.5 BLS’s locomotive shed at Zweisimmen station in the canton of Bern. ..................... 16
3.3.6 Example 6: New-build, timber-framed office block of Küng in Alpnach in the canton
of Obwalden .............................................................................................................. 18
3.3.7 Example 7: Gasthaus-Hotel Hergiswald in Kriens in the canton of Lucerne ............ 20
3.3.8 Example 8: Ferme Pommier/Théâtre Le douze dix-huit in Grand-Saconnex, canton
of Geneva. ................................................................................................................. 22
3.3.9 Example 9: Redevelopment and new build of the Landenberghaus cultural centre in
Greifensee in the canton of Zurich ............................................................................ 24
3.3.10 Example 10: New building for a cross-country skiing training centre at Campra,
Olivone in the canton of Ticino .................................................................................. 26
4 Roundwood: sawlogs, pulpwood and fuelwood............................................................... 29
4.1 Developments up to mid-2021 .................................................................................. 29
4.2 Timber assortments and price trends ........................................................................ 29
4.3 Economic situation of the forestry sector .................................................................. 31
4.4 Wood energy ............................................................................................................. 31
4.5 Certified forest and forest products ........................................................................... 32
4.5.1 FSC and PEFC certification ...................................................................................... 32
4.5.2 ‘Herkunftszeichen Schweizer Holz’ (label of origin) ................................................. 32
4.6 Sawnwood ................................................................................................................. 33
4.7 Pulpwood-processing sector ..................................................................................... 35
4.7.1 Wood-based panels .................................................................................................. 35
4.7.2 Pulp and paper .......................................................................................................... 35
5 Tables .................................................................................................................................... 37
5.1 Economic indicators for Switzerland ......................................................................... 37
5.2 Forest products production and trade 2019–2020; Estimations and forecasts 2021–
Contributions: Eduard Belser, Journalist specialising in the timber market
Compiled by: Achim Schafer, Swiss Federal Office for the Environment FOEN, Forest Division, Bern
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1 General economic trends
1.1 Developments up to mid-2021
For the reporting period 2020 to mid-2021, a key framework condition for the Swiss export industry –
the euro exchange rate – was low but relatively stable. The euro exchange varied between 1.05
CHF/EUR and 1.10 CHF/EUR. From a current perspective, this also looks set to continue in 2021 and
2022. In January 2020 the USD/CHF exchange rate began at 0.97 CHF/USD, reached its low point in
January 2021 at 0.89 CHF/USD and rose slightly to 0.91 by September 2021. The Swiss National
Bank (SNB) will have to maintain its low interest policy to prevent the Swiss franc becoming too attrac-
tive as a safety haven currency. This policy is predominantly affecting the pension insurance system
and small savers and makes investment in property disproportionately attractive, which carries the risk
of a property boom.
The COVID-19 pandemic and the measures and restrictions imposed to tackle it also continued to
have an impact on economic growth in Switzerland from 2020 to mid-2021. The sectors hardest hit
include the restaurant industry, tourism, the events industry and the entire culture sector, which have
seen their activities severely restricted or have even been forced to shut down temporarily. There has
been a slump in demand in the air travel and public transport sectors. Most other sectors were also
adversely affected by the mandatory work-from-home and mask-wearing regulations and other contact
restrictions, with measures being relaxed or tightened depending on the coronavirus situation. Bottle-
necks and interruptions to global supply chains had a negative impact in various sectors during 2021.
Construction-related sectors, such as electrical installation, kitchen appliances, etc., were also hit.
Other sectors benefitted from the situation, including online retail, the DIY industry, renovation work,
etc., which enjoyed a boom as a result of restrictions on going out and travel. In some cases, this led
to a shortage of certain goods and price increases. Domestic demand for some tourism services, such
as holiday apartments, camping site places and city tourism, increased sharply. However, this has
only offset the loss of demand from foreign tourists to some extent and the situation differs greatly
from region to region. Drastic restrictions were also imposed in the education sector at various times.
Healthcare staff and the healthcare infrastructure have been put under severe pressure and pushed to
their limit.
From summer 2021, the protective measures began having a greater impact and case numbers also
fell due to the time of year. In many sectors, the COVID certificate recognised by most states for per-
sons who have been vaccinated against coronavirus or who have recovered from it or tested negative
also brought an improvement in the situation in Switzerland as many events could be held again, al-
beit on a smaller scale than before the pandemic. The relatively low Swiss vaccination rate compared
with other European countries is slowing down the return to normal. There is scepticism over or oppo-
sition to vaccination amongst around a third of the Swiss population for reasons which are not always
clear. Together with the onset of winter and the resultant change in people’s behaviour, this could lead
to a rise in COVID case numbers which is currently difficult to estimate. This may result in tighter
measures being imposed again to combat the pandemic, with negative economic consequences.
The latest Swiss government estimates in October 2021 indicate that the direct costs of the pandemic
thus far stand at CHF 39 billion and put the total economic cost at CHF 60 to 70 billion.
In 2020, GDP fell by 2.5%. In 2019, it had grown slightly by 1.2%. This decline is nevertheless much
less sharp than forecasts indicated at the height of the coronavirus pandemic. After the relaxation of
measures since early March 2021, the Swiss domestic economy has recovered from the downturn in
winter 2020–21 as experts predicted. After the reopening of shops, restaurants and businesses in the
leisure and culture sectors, consumer spending rose sharply again. There has also been positive de-
velopment in terms of investment. In summer 2021, economic activity exceeded the pre-crisis level.
Compared with other European countries, the Swiss economy has weathered the crisis well and is
making a rapid recovery.
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1.2 Outlook
In their autumn forecast, the federal government’s economic experts forecast that GDP will rise by
3.4% in 2021. It is then set to reach 3.6% from 2021 to 2022. However, global developments sound a
note of caution. Supply shortages of raw materials, primary products and product groups, such as
semiconductors, as well as much higher transport costs may hold back the recovery in industry.
In the tourism sector, the large numbers of visitors from Asia are set to remain absent for some time,
which particularly affects destinations like Lucerne and the Bernese Oberland that have tailored their
services to this visitor segment in recent years. A shift towards domestic tourism and visitors from Eu-
rope and possibly the USA is anticipated, at least temporarily. Public transport services adversely af-
fected by the population’s coronavirus-related changes in mobility behaviour will also take some time
to recover. Large investments scheduled for the coming years will nevertheless go ahead as planned
before the pandemic. This will benefit the Swiss rolling stock industry and its suppliers, but also the
construction sector.
The outlook for the pharmaceutical industry – which strengthened various locations thanks to pre-pro-
duction for coronavirus vaccines – remains bright. The financial sector also emerged from the pan-
demic relatively unscathed.
-> For more information, see: https://www.seco.admin.ch/seco/en/home.html
2 Wood Resource Policy 2030 – Strategy, Objectives and Wood Action Plan 2021–2026
(Summary)
Summary
Introduction: A third of Switzerland’s land area is covered by forest. One of the most important natu-
ral resources of the country grows here: the climate-neutral and renewable raw material wood. The
forest management and wood harvesting are both done in a way which protects the eco-system and is
sustainable. Fertiliser is not used in Swiss forests, which are predominantly natural, and wood is only
harvested where it regrows. Wood remains the main source of income for the forestry enterprises.
Positioning: The Wood Resource Policy forms a separate action programme which supports the ob-
jectives of the Forest, Climate and Energy Policy and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It
falls within the global context of different megatrends and contributes to various sectoral policies of the
Confederation.
As the lead agency, the FOEN actively promotes cooperation with other federal agencies, the forestry,
timber and energy wood sector, the cantons and other stakeholders promoting the use of Swiss wood.
Vision: Wood will be a characteristic component of architecture and interior design in the future and
will have a positive effect on quality of life. This will be driven by a sector which is committed to build-
ing a society based on renewable resources. Its operations are environmentally and socially compati-
ble, regionally rooted and nationally and internationally competitive. The wood from Swiss forests is
used in full and reused repeatedly.
Main objective: The Wood Resource Policy makes a major contribution to the objectives of the For-
est, Environment, Climate and Energy Policy and promotes the sustainable development of Switzer-
land.
With its cooperative, sustainable and market-led approach, the sector is effectively developing the
Swiss forestry and timber added value chain.
Objectives: The Wood Resource Policy pursues three objectives:
1. To increase the use of Swiss wood and wood-based products.
2. To supply, process and use wood and wood-based products from Switzerland sustainably and in
line with demand at all stages.
3. To secure the competitiveness of the forestry, timber and energy wood industry through innovation.
Wood Action Plan: The implementation programme for the resource policy is established for six more
years and supports innovative projects which boost and develop the use of Swiss wood (Article 34a
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and b Forest Act). It responds to current challenges, such as the increased incidence of damaged
wood due to storms, drought and beetle infestation, by focusing on new areas of exploitation and use
such as wood-based bioproduct plants.
Priority areas: The focus of the Wood Action Plan is on the two priority areas of Swiss Wood Value-
Added Chain and Climate-Appropriate Buildings. The Wood Action Plan promotes communication pro-
jects on the two priority areas. Innovation forms an important element in implementation of the pro-
gramme.
Organisation: The FOEN manages and controls the Wood Action Plan. An advisory committee com-
prising representatives of the forestry, timber and energy wood industry, other federal authorities, the
cantons, nature conservation and environmental protection organisations, the property sector and
communications provides guidance on strategic issues. A committee of experts assists with evaluation
of project applications.
(Source: FOEN)
-> For more information, see: https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/topics/forest/publications-studies/publications/wood-resource-pol-
icy.html
3 Developments in forest products markets
3.1 Overview and general trends
The currency-related effects on the business activities of the Swiss forestry and timber industry, which
have been at play for years, was mentioned at the beginning of the report. The Swiss forestry and tim-
ber industry has come through the coronavirus crisis relatively unscathed in comparative terms. Weak-
ness in foreign supply chains have boosted domestic demand for raw timber, sawnwood and semi-
finished timber products. Strong demand has enabled the forestry sector to increase its supply of
roundwood. The bark beetle infestation peaked in 2020 after 2019’s record infestation. In combination
with the persisting damp, cool weather conditions in summer 2021, this saw the situation ease and led
to a fall in the amount of bark beetle wood. There were no large amounts of storm wood in Switzerland
during the period under review 2020–21.
Despite coronavirus-related restrictions, the Swiss timber industry’s production output in 2020 was
maintained at a similar level to that in 2019 and it emerged relatively unscathed. Despite fears, there
was no slump in building activity during the pandemic either. This was underpinned by a construction
industry which has remained robust for years and the trend towards timber-framed construction and
regionality. The origin of the wood sourced from sustainably managed forests and regional value-crea-
tion chains are strengths which the Swiss timber industry is increasingly taking advantage of.
Low roundwood and sawnwood prices, caused by a glut of bark beetle and storm wood throughout
Europe, were a cause for concern in 2020. The situation changed in 2021 and Swiss raw timber and
sawnwood prices climbed again. A key factor was the real estate boom in the USA which has led to
greater import of wood and timber products from Europe. This has also caused some degree of short-
age, delivery bottlenecks and price increases in Switzerland which is mainly reflected in timber materi-
als, but currently also in sawnwood to a lesser extent.
A new, large-scale sawmill is currently under construction in Central Switzerland which is set to go into
operation in spring 2023 with an initial cutting capacity of 135,000m3 a year which can be increased at
a later stage. The use of two high-performance Quatro units with eight belt saws will provide very high
cutting capacity while also achieving a high degree of flexibility in terms of cutting profiles and greater
efficiency for sawnwood.
The Swiss paper and cardboard industry was also hit by the pandemic in 2020. There was a sharp
rise in demand for toilet paper at the beginning of the pandemic. The coronavirus-related shift to online
shopping saw a rise in demand for cardboard packaging. Demand for raw wood from paper, card-
board and wooden composite board manufacturers stood at the same level as in previous years.
257,000 tonnes of wood-energy pellets were produced in Switzerland in 2019 with domestic consump-
tion standing at 332,000 tonnes.
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3.2 Outlook
Forecasting the next few years for the forestry and timber industry has also become more difficult due
to the greater economic and political uncertainty caused by the pandemic. However, from a current
perspective, the forestry and timber industry has a major advantage in times of climate change and
the increasing importance being attached to CO2-neutral, renewable, domestic wood as a raw, general
and construction material.
Construction activity is a key factor in demand for domestic timber, which is expected to weaken. How-
ever, this is offset by the increasing attractiveness of timber-framed construction, which has recently
gained further ground. The expansion of the domestic production of glued wood components and the
high degree of digitalisation in Swiss timber-framed construction in terms of planning and production
point to this ( initiative Forest & Wood 4.0). This can be further expanded and helps to offset the high
location costs in Switzerland at least to some extent. A high degree of flexibility and the capability to
handle smaller orders at competitive prices will remain a strength of Swiss wood-processing compa-
nies over the coming years.
More dry summers causing increasing forced use of timber and falls in the quality of the timber har-
vested continue to hang over the forestry industry like the Sword of Damocles. Climate change may
mean a change in the wood assortments that make up the harvest. The exchange rate – i.e. a
strengthening of the Swiss franc against the euro and US dollar – is another major remaining risk fac-
tor for development prospects.
3.3 Excellence in Swiss timber construction
Fagus Suisse – high-quality timber components from Swiss beech
Fagus Suisse can look back on a first, successful year of production in autumn 2021. The recently
founded company is well connected and its innovative, high-performance components made of Swiss
beech are increasingly being used in static, highly demanding timber support structures. Architects
and timber construction firms appreciate the filigree design of timber support structures made possible
by Fagus Suisse’s timber components. This further improves the competitiveness of wood against
concrete and steel. Fagus Suisse can extend its raw materials basis and expand its range of products
through the use of ash and oak. A capital increase in spring 2021 was successful. The currently rented
production facility at Les Breleux in the canton of Jura is to be purchased at the turn of the year 2021–
22.
Further information: https://www.fagussuisse.ch
Swiss timber-framed construction is world-leading and gaining market share
The share of timber construction continues to grow, particularly in the area of multi-storey residential
buildings right up to large-scale constructions in wood. Building with wood is back in fashion: the num-
ber of planning permission applications for apartment blocks mainly made of wood has more than dou-
bled since 2005. Wood as a building material has received a boost from new fire safety regulations,
lower production costs, short construction times with less inconvenience for residents and through the
quality that can be achieved through extensive prefabrication with clearly structured work processes in
enclosed halls. In high-density building, when adding on to existing buildings, the weight advantages
of wood as a building material are naturally a factor. The increasingly visible appearance of wood as a
building material is acting as a catalyst in this development.
The Prix Lignum, which is awarded every three years, plays a key role in raising the profile of the im-
portance of domestic and renewable wood as a building material and of the quality of buildings real-
ised in wood. Once again in the 2018 competition, the prize recognises a broad range of very different
wooden structures, from a small garden pavilion to large residential complexes and industrial build-
ings. Even for Switzerland’s internationally-renowned star architects, being involved in modern timber
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construction is now de rigeur and has become a must. This development is thanks in no small part to
the Prix Lignum.
Load-bearing building components are increasingly being replaced successfully with glued beech-
wood. In this way, building components made from energy-intensive steel and concrete can be re-
placed by those made from renewable, domestic beechwood, which require significantly less energy
to process. Interest in such heavy-duty components made from beechwood is growing, but the corre-
sponding production capacities in Switzerland still need to be developed. Efforts in this area are under
way. The cost-effective, industrial fabrication of glued, high-performance construction components
made from domestic beechwood is technically demanding, however, and requires significant invest-
ment. If these efforts are successful, the share of sales of the most important type of hardwood in
Switzerland can be strengthened in sales channels with high added value. At present, a disproportion-
ately large proportion of high-quality beechwood has to be used to generate energy or is exported at
low prices to Italy and Asia.
Timber construction is the most successful area of the Swiss forestry-wood chain and is internationally
renowned. This is also supported by the research activity at the two Swiss federal institutes of technol-
ogy in Zurich and Lausanne, the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology
(Empa) and the universities of applied sciences. The digitalisation of design and construction of build-
ings and building components, and the robotic production of complex structures have reached a high
standard in Switzerland and are rapidly being developed. This research is carried out in close cooper-
ation with the timber construction sector. However, the success in research and in the timber construc-
tion sector does not fully penetrate, and only slowly, through to forestry and the first stage of produc-
tion – sawmills. Nevertheless, production capacity for glulam timber sections is also being increased in
Switzerland due to the high demand. But significant quantities of glulam components will have to be
imported from Austria and Germany for a few years yet. They will be produced partly from previously
exported Swiss roundwood.
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3.3.1 Example 1: Residential development in Maiengasse Basel, canton of Basel-Stadt.
The development’s main building complex adopts the U-shaped, open courtyard position opposite
Maiengasse of the commercial building which previously stood on the site, creating a meeting place
for its residents in a modern interpretation of a rear courtyard in the middle of the city of Basel. All
ground-floor apartments have a garden seating area in the green zone which surrounds the main
building complex on three sides. A further building in the adjacent row of houses on Hebelstrasse is
added to the main building complex. Great emphasis was placed on high-quality, sustainable materi-
als and meticulously designed details. (EJB)
• Year of construction: 2018
• Client: Immobilien Basel-Stadt, Basel
• Architect: Esch Sintzel GmbH, Architekten ETH BSA SIA, Zurich
• Engineering: EBP Schweiz AG, Zurich
• Timber construction: Husner AG Holzbau, Frick
• Dimensions:
– Number of buildings 2
– Floors 3
– Number of basement floors 1
– Number of apartments 55 with 1½ to 6½ rooms
– Number of workplaces 6
– Parking spaces 42
• Timber used: Pressure-treated spruce in the external area, larch for the windows
• Award: Prix Lignum 2021 Gold / 1st place North region
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3.3.2 Example 2: Agricultural centre in St Gallen – new-build conference centre in Salez in
the canton of St Gallen.
Renovation and addition of a floor to a residential building in Vevey – harmoniously blended into the
district
The 19th century residential building, which is characteristic of the district on the outskirts of the historic
centre of Vevey, has been renovated with great sensitivity for the historic building fabric while an addi-
tional floor has also been added. The addition of a floor using timber has slightly increased the devel-
opment’s compactness. The additional floor harmoniously embraces the appearance, structure and
colour of the older building’s wooden canopies and blends well into the ensemble and the district.
(EJB)
• Client: Private
• Year of construction: 2019
• Architect: Rapin Saiz Architectes, Vevey
• Timber construction engineer: Ratio Bois Sàrl, Cuarny
• Timber construction: Burgy Sàrl, Denges
• Award: Prix Lignum 2021 Bronze
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3.3.4 Example 4: Headquarters of the Swatch-Omega Group in Biel-Bienne in the canton of
Bern.
Fig. 10 The imposing building of the Swatch-Omega headquarters defines the eastern part of
Biel/Bienne.
The new headquarters of the Swatch-Omega Group, which makes watches and jewellery, and the
Omega Museum is one of Switzerland’s biggest and most spectacular timber-framed buildings and
defines the entire district. It was constructed on the site of a former garden nursery whose established
tree population was partly incorporated into the park around the building. From the roof of an ordinary,
rectangular, multi-storey building with dimensions of 80 x 167 x 28 metres on Nicolas-Hayek-Strasse –
a street named after the company’s founder – the vast, white office building with its semi-circular de-
sign snakes to the east in an S-shaped sweep over the street and into the park.
The audacious, cantilever, spherically curved timber construction consists of 4,600 timber construction
elements of different sizes. They were assembled using a connector system. The building’s surface is
divided into a diagonal grid with intermittent windows and balconies. The individual areas differ in size
and form, which made the calculations for and implementation of the timber construction extremely
complex and placed tremendous demands on the roof structure. Offices and other rooms are system-
atically arranged within this shell. The third timber-framed building – the Omega factory – is located on
the western part of the site and has been in operation since 2017. (EJB)
• Client: The Swatch Group Ltd, Georges Nicolas Hayek, Biel-Bienne BE
• Years of construction: 2013 to 2019
• Architecture: Shigeru Ban Architects Europe, Shigeru BAN, Paris in
cooperation with Itten+Brechbühl AG, Jan Stöcker, Basel
• Timber construction engineer: SJB Kempter Fitze , Frauenfeld
• Timber construction: Blumer Lehmann, Gossau SG
• Timber used: 1997m3 Swiss spruce
• Costs: approx. CHF 150 million
• Award: Prix Lignum 2021 1st place Central region
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3.3.5 BLS’s locomotive shed at Zweisimmen station in the canton of Bern.
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BLS locomotive shed at Zweisimmen railway station – a railway building of sleek elegance
The sleek, clearly structured functional building provides secure storage for locomotives used to clear
snow during the winter. It is part of a CHF 60-million project to renew Zweisimmen railway station. The
building stands on the modified foundation of a previous structure. The building shell, which is not
thermally insulated, is supported by three-hinged composite lumber arches set five metres apart. This
structure provided by the composite lumber arches gives the interior a sacral ambiance. (EJB)
• Client: BLS Netz AG, Bern
• Year of construction: 2019
• Architect: ASP Architekten AG, Bern
• Timber construction engineering: Indermühle Bauingenieure GmbH, Thun BE
• Timber construction: Zimmerei Chaletbau Schletti AG, Zweisimmen BE
• Dimensions: Length 50m, width 6m, height 6.7m
• Timber used: Spruce
• Award Prix Lignum 2021 Acknowledgment Central region
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3.3.6 Example 6: New-build, timber-framed office block of Ku ̈ng in Alpnach in the canton of
Obwalden
The office building’s façade is finely structured with oak canopies and filigree railings of oiled, black-
ened metal. This gives the building a striking appearance. The projecting canopies provide shade
when the sun is high in the sky and act as a wood-protecting design element. The four-storey timber-
framed building is constructed around a core of exposed concrete with a staircase, lift shaft, wash-
rooms and installations. A large fireplace is the main feature of the entrance hall on the ground floor.
The 42cm-thick solid wood walls consists of crosswise layers of wood connected with beech dowels.
This pure-wood system does not require additional heat insulation and has a high heat storage capac-
ity, but involves the use of a relatively large amount of wood. (EJB)
Gasthaus-Hotel Hergiswald – Baroque and modern design combined in timber
The new-build development of the Gasthaus-Hotel Hergiswald in the direct vicinity of the significant
Baroque Hergiswald church of pilgrimage sets a high standard in terms of design and materials used.
A first section with a flat, slightly forbidding concrete structure slightly above the former building was
met with widespread and harsh criticism. The appointment of the well-known architect Gion A.
Caminada proved the turning point. An elegant, empathetic timber design was put forward for the sec-
ond section which met with approval and was then built.
The traditional log-construction design using Douglas fir from the region stands on the site of the dry-
stone walls of the pilgrimage room of its predecessor structure but has a continuous concrete founda-
tion to relieve the burden on the old masonry walls. It stands directly on this foundation in the new con-
crete parts of the basement floor. On the ground and first floors, large windows create a connection
between the restaurant and event hall and the surrounding countryside, establishing a sense of affinity
with the church of pilgrimage. The panelled ceiling covered with blue silk damask in the event hall is
another remarkable feature. The pilgrimage room in the basement incorporated from the previous
building provides a space for reflection. (EJB)
• Client: Max Felchlin AG, Albert Koechlin Stiftung AKS,
Lucerne
• Year of construction: 2019
• Architects: Meili Peter & Partner Architekten AG und Gion A.
Caminada, Vrin G
Ferme Pommier/Théâtre Le douze dix-huit – farmhouse and cultural centre in an urban setting
As part of the renovation and redevelopment of a listed farmhouse into a cultural and community cen-
tre for various activities, a new, small 100-seat theatre available to schools was built in the Grand-Sa-
connex suburb of Geneva between Geneva main railway station and the airport.
The elegant building with a gabled roof is slightly offset next to the farmhouse constructed in the style
typical of the Geneva region with a hipped roof. The entrance protected by a canopy roof is made of
concrete whereas wood is used for the theatre itself. The finely structured dark façades on a low con-
crete base are reminiscent of a simple, wooden barn. (EJB)
The Landenberghaus, constructed in 1969 in Greifensee in Zurich, has become a well-established in-
terregional centre of social and political life over the years. Structural shortcomings and a lack of infra-
structure resulted in a proposal for a redevelopment/rebuild project being put forward with a new hall,
additional facilities, club rooms and a bistro by the lake. The sensitive, historical environment with
listed buildings, the added historical vicarage, the remains of a medieval stonewall as well as the prox-
imity to the lake were all factors that had to be considered.
By adjusting the building shell lines to those of the built-on, former vicarage, the building volume was
expanded to meet the requirements. The preparation rooms for the artists, an office kitchen, club
rooms and various technical stage equipment were relocated to the adjoining vicarage. Greater em-
phasis was placed on acoustics for the popular chamber music concerts and theatre performances
held at the venue. A mobile, modular stage meets the requirements of various types of performance.
(EJB)
The mountain river and moorland landscape in Bleniotal on the south side of the Lukmanier Pass is of
national importance. At an altitude of 1,500 metres, the mountain plateau is ideal for cross-country ski-
ing due to conditions in winter and has an extensive network of pistes. In 2012, the ‘Centro Sci Nor-
dico’ launched an architectural competition to design a replacement building for the ski centre with a
restaurant and accommodation. The winning design was then built.
The clearly structured, minimalist timber construction on the Lukmanier Pass road sits on a base level
made of concrete with infrastructure and technical rooms which supports the load with micropiles
driven into the moorland soil. It has 79 single, double and multiple-bed rooms in winter – which can be
extended into up to 118 accommodation places in summer – a restaurant and a multifunctional hall.
The fitness room is housed on a third floor on the western side of the building.
The support structure, partition walls and the flooring mainly consist of XLAM wooden panels. The
roof, also made out of XLAM panels, protrudes over the façades providing a wood-protecting design
feature. The partition walls extending out over the fronts of the rooms on the north and south sides
mark the boundaries of the rooms’ sun-protected terrace areas. The entire timber support system can
be disassembled and reassembled at another location, providing a resource-saving option. (EJB)
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• Client: Centro Sci Nordico Campra SA
• Year of construction: 2017 to 2019
• Architecture: Durisch + Nolli Architekten, Massagno TI
• Timber construction engineering: Reali e Guscetti Studio d’Ingegneria, Ambrì TI Borlini & Zanini
Montagnola TI
• Timber construction: Veragouth SA, Bedano TI
• Timber used: Support structure: TXLAM wood panels, 180mm-thick
made from European fir
Façade cladding: Siberian larch 20mm × 60mm
Wood volume: 690m³
• Dimensions: Usable area: 22,100m²
Building volume: 7,500m³
• Costs: CHF 8.1 million
• Label: Minergie
• Award: Prix Lignum 2021 2nd place, North region
-> For more information, see: https://prixlignum.ch
Federal Department of the Environment, Transport,
Energy and Communications DETEC
Federal Office for the Environment FOEN
Forest Division
4 Roundwood: sawlogs, pulpwood and fuelwood
4.1 Developments up to mid-2021
The level of damage caused by the bad weather in 2018 which saw extensive storm damage in Swit-
zerland – in particular the large amount of bark beetle wood – fell significantly in 2020 and 2021. The
unusually cool, wet weather conditions in spring/summer 2021, which significantly reduced the summer
drought stress on the forests, was a contributory factor. In contrast to other European countries, there
was no extensive storm damage in Switzerland during the period under review from 2020 to mid-2021.
The situation in relation to the amount of bark beetle wood also improved.
At 4.80 million m3, the volume of wood harvested in 2020 was 4% more than in 2019 despite the signif-
icant decline in the amount of bark beetle wood. The 2020 volume stands at the average level for the
period 2015 to 2017, as did the figure for 2019. 64.7% of the timber harvested in 2020 came from for-
ests under public ownership, mainly communes, while 35.3% was from private forests. From a current
perspective, a further increase in the amount of timber harvested is expected in 2021 in view of more
attractive incentives for forest owners due to rising timber prices and strong demand.
The increase differs significantly between timber assortment types. The volume of sawlogs harvested –
the main assortment in Swiss forests – rose by 5.2% to 2.31 million m3 from 2019 to 2020, while the
amount of industrial wood increased by 9% to 0.55 million m3 and that of energy wood by 1.6% to 1.94
million m3. In 2020, wood chips accounted for 64% of energy wood and logs for 36%.
Fig. 32 – Wood harvest in Switzerland 1992 – 2020 in m3
4.2 Timber assortments and price trends
In 2020, softwood accounted for 70.1% of the wood harvest and hardwood for 29.9%. 48.1% of the to-
tal volume was sawlogs, 11.4% industrial wood and 40.5% energy wood. Exports of softwood fell in
2019 to 345,000m3 which is 24.8% less than in 2018 at 459,000m3 while imports were also down by
22.7% at 58,000m3 compared with 75,000m3 in the previous year.
The sawmills were generally well supplied with raw wood during the period under review. In view of in-
creasing compulsory usage, the supply of fresh, high-quality softwood sawlogs became tighter over the
course of the year and in 2020. Only 1.6% more energy wood was harvested in 2020 than in the previ-
ous year at 1.944 million m3.
Fig. 33 – Price index for sawlogs, 2001–2020 (Sep. to Oct. 2015 = 100)
(Source: Swiss Federal Statistical Office)
The price index for softwood sawlogs fell from 102.0 index points during the survey period January to
February 2020 to 100.8 index points during the survey period May to June 2021. For hardwood, it
climbed from 99.2 index points to 100.7 index points during the same period. The price index for indus-
trial wood fell sharply from 104.7 to 99.3 index points. A slight fall was recorded for energy wood from
101.2 to 99.7 index points.
-> For more information, see: https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/prices/producer-prices-import-prices/producer-
prices.assetdetail.18824304.html
Fig. 34 – Price index for industrial wood (pulp wood) and for energy wood, 2001-2020 (Sep-Oct
2015 = 100)
(Source: Swiss Federal Statistical Office)
Public forestry operations manage 71% of Switzerland’s productive forest area. Despite considerable
cost-reduction efforts, the operating results of the Swiss forestry sector improved in 2017. The corre-
sponding data were collected via a test network of 160 forest enterprises distributed across Switzerland
in the forest regions of the Jura, the Central Plateau, the Prealps and the Alps.
The 660 statistically recorded Swiss forestry companies achieved total revenue of CHF 525 million in
2020. This revenue contrasts with expenditure of CHF 569 million. This meant a shortfall of CHF 44
million which is CHF 3 million more than in 2019.
The outlook for 2020 and 2021 suggests the coronavirus crisis has also had an impact on forestry com-
panies.
-> For more information, see: https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/land-forstwirtschaft/forstwirtschaft/tbn.assetde-
tail.16864383.html
4.4 Wood energy
In 2020, total end consumption of energy sources fell by 10.6% compared to 2019 to 747,400 TJ. The
sharp decline in aviation fuel (62.2%), petrol (11.4%) and diesel (5.2%) reflect the impact of the pan-
demic-related restrictions on travel and in the tourism sector as well as two lockdowns with mandatory
work-from-home restrictions. The warmer weather conditions than in the previous year also contributed
to the overall fall in energy consumption for heating in 2020. The consumption of wood energy in 2020
was just 3.5% down on 2019 at 39,500 TJ. The share of wood energy in lower overall energy con-
sumption rose from 4.9% in 2019 to 5.3% in 2020.
The production and sales of wood energy pellets in Switzerland rose in 2020. 270,000 tonnes of wood
energy pellets were produced in Switzerland in 2020, which is 5% up on 2019. Sales stood at 344,000
tonnes, which is around 4% more than in the previous year. The import of pellets remained at the previ-
ous year’s level at around 76,000 tonnes. There was an even greater increase in wood pellet heating
systems. The highest growth was recorded by systems with output of 13 to 20kW, which are usually
installed in single-family houses, as well as 100 to 350kW systems used in apartment buildings or de-
velopments. By contrast, demand for oil-based heating systems fell.
(Source: FOEN)
-> For more information, see: https://www.bfe.admin.ch/bfe/en/home/supply/statistics-and-geodata/energy-statistics/overall-en-
ergy-statistics.html and https://www.bfe.admin.ch/bfe/de/home/versorgung/statistik-und-geodaten/energiestatistiken/teilstatis-
tiken.html#kw-98126
Two large-scale, wood-fired power stations went into operation in 2019 in Basel and Sisseln. No similar
large-scale projects were commissioned during the period under review from 2020 to mid-2021.
The ‘Agro Energiezentrum’ in Küssnacht am Rigi began operations in 2021. This uses residual wood
from a neighbouring sawmill to generate electricity for 8,000 households, heat for 6,000 households
and for the sawmill’s drying chambers as well as 25,000 tonnes of wood energy pellets a year.
A wood-fired heat power station is currently under construction in Frauenfeld which will generate wood
gas from residual wood through a thermochemical process at 850°C. The wood gas will be used to
generate electricity for 8,000 households in four large combustion engines with generators. Some of
the waste heat will be used in the neighbouring sugar factory, while some will be fed into the Frauen-
feld district heating system. The organic charcoal produced during the process will be used for soil im-
provement in agriculture, as a fodder supplement and as active carbon in drinking water treatment.
This wood-fired power plant with fuel efficiency of up to 92% is scheduled to go into operation in sum-
mer 2022.
During the period under review, the canton of Solothurn published a new wood energy concept for the
period 2020 to 2029. This updates previous wood energy concepts and shows that wood energy po-
tential has not yet been exhausted in the canton of Solothurn. 107,000m3/year of forestry, residual and
landscape conservation wood are currently being used to generate energy in the canton of Solothurn.
This figure could rise by a further 77,0000m3/year by 2029. It also outlines measures to promote wood
energy and sets out the actors responsible at communal, cantonal and federal level.
-> For more information, see: https://so.ch/fileadmin/internet/vwd/vwd-awa/Energiefachstelle/_pdf/Holzener-
giekonzept_Kt._SO_2020.pdf
4.5 Certified forest and forest products
4.5.1 FSC and PEFC certification
Approximately 0.65 million ha of Swiss forest (i.e. 51% of the total forest area) was certified in 2014. Of
these certified areas, more than the half have both FSC and PEFC certification. Of the timber har-
vested in Switzerland in 2014, 66% was certified. The corresponding data were not surveyed from
2015 since the revision of the Swiss forestry statistics.
At present, over 900 companies operating at all levels in the timber processing sector hold a certificate.
In contrast to the situation in the forestry sector, the majority of these companies hold only the FSC
certificate. Thus, the Swiss wholesale distributors, which also hold a significant share of the market in
the DIY sector, are FSC-certified. 30% hold both the FSC and PEFC certificate. At present there are no
companies in Switzerland that are solely PEFC-certified.
In 2009 a national certification standard, which forms the basis of certification for FSC and PEFC in
Switzerland, was introduced by both label organisations. However, this harmonisation is criticised to-
day as the competition between the private labels is disappearing as a result of its introduction.
The main driving forces for certification in Switzerland are the DIY sector and the demand for certified
paper products. However, the sellers of certified wood cannot demand a higher price (‘green pre-
mium’). Thus, the market does not compensate for the additional costs incurred in certification. For this
reason, certification is a contentious issue in the forestry and timber sector.
4.5.2 ‘Herkunftszeichen Schweizer Holz’ (label of origin)
The origin of the wood is not declared under the FSC and PEFC certification systems. In 2009 the for-
estry and timber industry introduced a new label (‘Herkunftszeichen Schweizer Holz’, HSH). It is man-
aged by LIGNUM, the Swiss timber sector umbrella organisation. Its main purpose is to show and
prove the Swiss origin of the timber products.
The intention here is to raise the awareness of end users about Swiss wood that is produced in accord-
ance with the strict sustainability requirements of the Swiss forest legislation and has not caused envi-
ronmental pollution as a result of being transported over long distances. The HSH guarantees the
traceability and documentation of a wood product from its origin to the end user. Products bearing the
HSH label of origin may contain up to 20% of wood of foreign origin if it comes from a comparable pro-
duction region (low-risk origin) and has a sustainability certificate or declaration of origin.
Since September 2011, all wood originating from Swiss forest areas can be marked with the
HSH label of origin. Use rights are assigned to forest owners if they are prepared to fulfil the conditions
of the regulation. The cantonal forestry sector associations monitor compliance with the regulation re-
quirements.
-> For more information, see: https://www.holz-bois-legno.ch/label/
The construction industry and timber-framed construction in particular is by far the most important
sales market for sawnwood. The 2015 revised fire protection standards for timber structures have led
to a marked increase in the construction of multi-storey residential and office buildings, with towers up
to 80 metres high. The timber construction sector is continuing on the path to success and gaining mar-
ket share. In 2020, the share of wood used in support structures for residential buildings above three
units stood at 8.6%, for hospitals, other buildings in the healthcare sector and care homes at 14.1%, for
commercial and administration buildings at 14.9%, for industrial buildings at 16.4%, for sport and lei-
sure facility buildings at 22.5%, for residential buildings of up to two units at 19.6%, for teaching and
education buildings at 23.4% and for agricultural buildings at 36.7% (the highest of all). The share
stood at 15.6% across all building categories in 2020.
-> For more information, see: https://www.holzbau-schweiz.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente_HBCH/HBCH_Jahresber-
ichte/HBCH_Jahresbericht_DE.pdf
The dynamic growth in timber construction keeps gathering pace and is increasingly influencing the
mood of the suppliers, the sawmill sector. They are again optimistic about their future prospects, which
is reflected in increased willingness to invest, e.g. in production facilities for glulam structural timber
and photovoltaic installations for in-house power generation. But a high percentage of glulam structural
timber in particular is still imported from the neighbouring countries of Austria and Germany. However,
the Swiss sawmill industry is catching up thanks to investment in production of glued-laminated timber
and it also benefits from proximity to customers in this area.
In 2020, the 329 sawmills in Switzerland processed 1.946 million m3 of sawnwood into 1.168 million m3
of sawn timber which equates to efficiency of 60%. 95.5% or 1.114 million m3 of the sawn timber gen-
erated is sawn softwood, 97.3% is spruce/pine and 2.7% is other types of softwoods. Of the hardwood
share of sawnwood, which stands at 4.5% or 54,600m3, most is accounted for by beech (37.3%) and
other hardwood varieties (62.7%), mainly oak, ash and sycamore.
In 2020, Swiss sawmills generated 777,800m3 of sawmill residue, of which 95.7% was softwood reside
and just 4.3% hardwood residue. 18% of the wood residue is used to generate energy by the sawmills
themselves, 35% is used to produce energy by third parties, 40% goes to the paper, cardboard and
wooden composite board industry as raw material and 6% is used for other purposes.
-> For more information, see: https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/aktuell/neue-veroeffentlichungen.gnpdetail.2021-0459.html
Fig. 35 – Sawnwood production in Switzerland, 2002-2020
(Source: Swiss Federal Statistical Office)
Swiss sawmills largely cover their sawlog requirements from domestic sources – at prices charged in
Swiss francs. They also export sawnwood and sawnwood residues into the euro zone. As a result, they
face a double, and correspondingly severe, competitive disadvantage vis-à-vis their competitors from
the EU. Moreover, the Italian sawnwood market, a traditional sales channel, is declining, and, on the
domestic market, traditional wood boards cut to the customer’s specifications for construction pur-
poses, are being increasingly replaced by further processed semi-finished products such as glued con-
struction timber. The prices of imported glued-laminated beams correspond approximately to those that
Swiss laminated wood producers have to pay for domestic sawnwood. Given that the increase in the
average prices of the sawnwood assortments was lower than those of sawn roundwood, the economic
scope available to the sawmills decreased further.
The sawnwood price index fell from 102.6 index points in the survey period January to February 2020
to a low of 99.8 index points in the survey period July to August 2020 before rising sharply to 110.6 in-
dex points in the survey period May to June 2021 thanks to the strong increase in demand.
-> For more information, see: https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/prices/producer-prices-import-prices/producer-
prices.assetdetail.18824307.html
Fig. 36 – Price index for soft sawnwood, 2001–2020 (Sep. to Oct. 2015 = 100)
(Source: Swiss Federal Statistical Office)
4.7 Pulpwood-processing sector
In 2020, 503,000m3 of industrial wood was harvested, of which 64% was softwood and 36% hardwood.
23,000m3 of industrial wood was imported and 123,000m3 exported, giving a domestic consumption of
industrial wood of 403,000m3 for 2019.
4.7.1 Wood-based panels
Wood-based panels can also be used to a much greater extent in multi-storey, timber-framed buildings
thanks to the new fire protection regulations. Production of these products has nevertheless largely
been relocated abroad due to high location costs in Switzerland. As only chipboards and OCR boards
were still produced in Switzerland in 2020 and the only manufacturer of fibreboards ceased production
in Switzerland during the course of 2019, the production volume has to be estimated for data protection
reasons. It stands at around 400,000m3 of chipboards, including OCR boards, and around 200,000m3
of MDF/HDF boards in 2020. Plywood production – for skis and other high-quality products – is mar-
ginal at 7,000m3.
4.7.2 Pulp and paper
Chemically processed pulp has not been made in Switzerland since 2008. The Swiss paper industry
has been struggling for years due to digitalisation and margin and price pressure from cheaper produc-
tion locations. Sales figures have been falling for some time, particularly for high-quality and graphic
paper and newsprint paper. The change in the national framework conditions and the concentration
process taking place globally has seen production volumes relocated from Switzerland to other com-
pany locations over recent years. Only one plant in Switzerland now makes paper for newsprint.
During the period under review from 2020 to mid-2021, the paper industry, like all sectors, was over-
shadowed by the coronavirus pandemic. Some companies benefited from increased demand and even
increased their sales. At the start of the pandemic in particular, demand for toilet paper rose sharply
due to panic-buying. Customers did their shopping online instead of at bricks-and-mortar stores, which
led to a sharp increase in demand for cardboard packaging. Due to mandatory work-from-home re-
strictions imposed for a period, a free newspaper, which is primarily aimed at public transport commut-
ers, had to significantly reduce its print run for an extended period. The shift from newsprint paper to
packaging material – together with strong international demand – led to a shortage of waste paper, the
key raw material for newspaper production, during the course of 2021.
At 967,000 tonnes, the volume of paper and packaging materials supplied by the Swiss paper and
cardboard industry in 2020 was 6.5% less than in the previous year, with a significant drop in the vol-
ume of newsprint and graphic paper in particular. Of this, 289,000 tonnes were newsprint paper, which
represents a 16.6% decrease compared to the previous year. The supply of paper and cardboard has
fallen by almost a third since 2016 while that of newsprint paper has slumped by almost half.
In 2020, exports of paper and cardboard fell by 7.1% overall and by 16.4% in the case of newsprint pa-
per. In 2020, imports were 8.2% down on 2019 while newsprint paper saw a 3.6% decrease.
At 940,600 tonnes, consumption of paper and cardboard fell by 7.4% in 2020 compared to the previous
year. There was a particularly sharp decrease in newsprint and other graphic paper. On the other
hand, the consumption of toilet paper and kitchen roll went up.
Global supply chains were interrupted and consumer habits changed in 2020. In the paper and card-
board sector too, the coronavirus pandemic underlined just how unexpectedly and quickly such events
can radically change the framework conditions for individual sectors of the economy.
Further information: https://spkf.ch
Fig. 37– Production of wood panels, fibreboards, mechanical pulp and wood pulp 2002–2020
(Source: Estimated values; Federal Office for the Environment FOEN, Forest Division)
1) State Secretariat for Economic Affaires SECO, revised 2012
in accordance w ith NOGA 2008 (Nomenclature Générale des
Activités économiques), statistical series retrospectively revised
2) Consumer Price Index, Sw iss Federal Statistic Off ice BFS
3) State Secretariat for Economic Affaires SECO
4) Sw iss National Bank SNB
BAFU-D-A0653401/483
38/39
File: BAFU-061.2-03-08-6/9/1/4
5.2 Forest products production and trade 2019–2020; Estimations and forecasts 2021–2022
Country: Switzerland Date:05.11.2021
The study on access to justice in information cases has been prepared and discussed under auspices of the Task Force on Access to Justice under the UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (the Aarhus Convention).
Languages and translations
English
1
Jan Darpö
Chair of the Task Force on Access to Justice under the Aarhus Convention
Contacts: e-mail [email protected]
*******
2021-02-28
This document is a report by Professor Jan Darpö, Uppsala Universitet, the Chair of the
Task Force on Access to Justice under the Aarhus Convention. Viewpoints expressed in the
report belong to the author; the same can be said about shortcomings and errors in the text,
the responsibility rests solely on him.
Access to Justice in Information Cases
Table of contents
1.1 The study and the synthesis report ......................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Article 9.1 of the Aarhus Convention in text and practice ....................................................................... 4
Article 9.1 first sentence ............................................................................................................................................. 4
Article 9.1 second sentence ........................................................................................................................................ 6
Article 9.1 third sentence ........................................................................................................................................... 8
2. QUESTIONS CONCERNING ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN CASES ON THE RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION: ........................... 9
3. REMARKS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 17
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 17
Unproblematic issues ............................................................................................................................................... 17
Barriers and challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Good examples and interesting features in the studied Parties ............................................................................... 19
1.1 The study and the synthesis report
The Task Force on Access to Justice has a role to play as a platform for studies and meetings
where all aspects of the third pillar of the Aarhus Convention can be discussed. This role as a
mere facilitator for a wider debate without any formal significance is in fact the strength of
this body under the Convention. Under those terms, the Task Force was mandated by the
sixth session of the Meeting of the Parties to the Aarhus Convention in Budva (Montenegro)
in 2017 to launch a study concerning access to justice in information cases according to Arti-
cles 4, 9.1 and 9.4 of the Convention. Thus, the study deals with procedural issues concerning
requests for environmental information and the possibilities open for members of the public to
have the decision-making of the authorities and other public bodies holding such information
challenged by way of administrative appeal and judicial review in a court of law.
The relevant sections of Article 4 are the following (emphasis added):
1. Each Party shall ensure that, subject to the following paragraphs of this article, public
authorities, in response to a request for environmental information, make such infor-
mation available to the public, within the framework of national legislation, including,
where requested and subject to subparagraph (b) below, copies of the actual documenta-
tion containing or comprising such information:
(a) Without an interest having to be stated;
(b) In the form requested unless:
(i) It is reasonable for the public authority to make it available in another form, in which
case reasons shall be given for making it available in that form; or
(ii) The information is already publicly available in another form.
2. The environmental information referred to in paragraph 1 above shall be made availa-
ble as soon as possible and at the latest within one month after the request has been sub-
mitted, unless the volume and the complexity of the information justify an extension of
this period up to two months after the request. The applicant shall be informed of any ex-
tension and of the reasons justifying it.
3. (…)
4. (…)
5. Where a public authority does not hold the environmental information requested, this
public authority shall, as promptly as possible, inform the applicant of the public authori-
ty to which it believes it is possible to apply for the information requested or transfer the
request to that authority and inform the applicant accordingly.
6. (…)
7. A refusal of a request shall be in writing if the request was in writing or the applicant
so requests. A refusal shall state the reasons for the refusal and give information on ac-
cess to the review procedure provided for in accordance with article 9. The refusal shall
be made as soon as possible and at the latest within one month, unless the complexity of
3
the information justifies an extension of this period up to two months after the request.
The applicant shall be informed of any extension and of the reasons justifying it.
8. Each Party may allow its public authorities to make a charge for supplying information,
but such charge shall not exceed a reasonable amount. Public authorities intending to
make such a charge for supplying information shall make available to applicants a sched-
ule of charges which may be levied, indicating the circumstances in which they may be
levied or waived and when the supply of information is conditional on the advance pay-
ment of such a charge.
Article 9.1 states as follows (emphasis added):
1. Each Party shall, within the framework of its national legislation, ensure that any per-
son who considers that his or her request for information under article 4 has been ignored,
wrongfully refused, whether in part or in full, inadequately answered, or otherwise not
dealt with in accordance with the provisions of that article, has access to a review proce-
dure before a court of law or another independent and impartial body established by law.
In the circumstances where a Party provides for such a review by a court of law, it shall
ensure that such a person also has access to an expeditious procedure established by law
that is free of charge or inexpensive for reconsideration by a public authority or review
by an independent and impartial body other than a court of law.
Final decisions under this paragraph 1 shall be binding on the public authority holding the
information. Reasons shall be stated in writing, at least where access to information is re-
fused under this paragraph.
Further, Article 9.4 puts additional requirements on the access to justice possibilities under
Article 9.1, namely (emphasis added):
4. In addition and without prejudice to paragraph 1 above, the procedures referred to in
paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 above shall provide adequate and effective remedies, including in-
junctive relief as appropriate, and be fair, equitable, timely and not prohibitively expen-
sive. Decisions under this article shall be given or recorded in writing. Decisions of
courts, and whenever possible of other bodies, shall be publicly accessible.
For this study, a draft questionnaire was discussed by the Task Force on its 11th meeting in
Geneva in February 2018. The questionnaire deals with procedural matters concerning re-
quests for and review of environmental information relating to both Article 4 and Article 9.1.
After the 11th meeting of the Task Force, the questionnaire was concluded and distributed by
the secretariat to a number of key institutions, experts and non-governmental organizations
from 13 Parties to the Convention in the spring of 2018 as suggested by their national focal
points. The aim was to cover a limited number of Parties, representing the different Parties
and sub-regions, including: (a) the European Union (EU) together with six of its Member
States, namely Germany (DE), Ireland (IE), Portugal (PT), Slovakia (SK), Malta (MT), and
Sweden (SE); (b) Switzerland (CH); (c) Serbia (RS) and Montenegro (ME) from South-
Eastern Europe; (d) the Republic of Moldova (MD) from Eastern Europe; (e) Georgia (GE)
from the Caucasus and (f) Kazakhstan (KZ) from Central Asia. The institutions which were
addressed included relevant ministries, administrative authorities, specialized bodies such as
the Parliamentary Ombudsman and Information Commissioner, national courts, public stake-
holders and their organisations (ENGOs) and academia. During the fall of 2018, we received
4
completed questionnaires from 12 out of the 13 Parties.1 Of course, the responses vary in cov-
erage and quality. This is mainly due to the number of responses from each Party, ranging
from 4 (SE), 3 (IE, RS and SK), 2 (EU, GE, KZ and PT) and down to 1 (DE, MD, ME and
CH). The quality of the answers from a studied Party improves noticeable when there are
many respondents from a variety of actors dealing with environmental information matters.
The first draft of this report was initially set up to summarize the responses given in order to
provide a platform for discussion on the 12th meeting of the Task Force on Access to Justice
(Geneva, 28 February – 1 March 2019). Thereafter, comments made during that meeting were
incorporated in the report, as well as those submitted to the secretariat during the following
months. The report was then discussed at the Bureau meetings in June and September 2019,
after which the report was updated and communicated once more with the National Focal
Points and other stakeholders to the Convention in the beginning of 2020.2 After this round of
communications, further corrections, clarifications and amendments have been made. It must
be noted, however, that owing to the conflicting nature of several comments, it has not been
possible to reflect all of them in the text. Instead, I have tried to clearly state where differing
opinions have been reported on a certain issue, giving a general picture of the arguments used.
Careful consideration has also been given to meeting the different needs of Parties’ in terms
of comprehensiveness and the degree of detail, bearing in mind the various levels of and ap-
proaches to implementation of the Convention’s provisions on access to justice in information
cases. The progress in preparing the report was presented at the online information sessions of
the twenty fourth meeting of the Working Group of the Parties in July 2020. After the meet-
ing, we received some further comments on the representation of the responses in the study,
as well as the level of detail on controversial issues. The final text of the report was discussed
and finalized on the 13th meeting of the Task Force on Access to Justice (hybrid, Geneva, 15-
16 February 2021).3
The report is structured as follows. In addition to this introduction and the laying out of the
legal context in Article 9.1 (part 1), it contains a summary of the responses under each of the
twelve questions posed (part 2). Thereafter I make a couple of remarks in a concluding sec-
tion about good examples, main barriers and discussion points on access to justice in infor-
mation cases (part 3).
Finally, the viewpoints expressed in the report belong to the author only. The same can be
said about shortcomings and errors in the text, the responsibility rests solely on me.
1.2 Article 9.1 of the Aarhus Convention in text and practice
Article 9.1 first sentence
The study has triggered a couple of questions concerning the implementing of Article 9.1 of
the Convention that can usefully be highlighted already in the beginning. The aim here is,
however, not to give clear answers to the issues raised, but rather to provide a platform for
1 The responses received are available from https://unece.org/environment-policy/public-participation/aarhus-
convention/analytical-study-ajai-surveyresponses
2 The comments received are available from https://unece.org/environment-policy/public-participation/aarhus-
convention/analytical-study-ajai-commentsreceived
3 See https://unece.org/environmental-policy/events/thirteenth-meeting-task-force-access-justice-under-aarhus-
convention
further discussion. As with the previous studies performed by the Task Force on Access to
Justice, ambiguities in the text of the Convention will be pointed at, along with ongoing is-
sues, and conclusions will be drawn from existing legal sources using a traditional method of
law. The responsibility for resolving any issues raised obviously lies in the hands of other
bodies, namely the Compliance Committee and the Meeting of the Parties to the Convention.
As noted in the beginning of this report, the first sentence of Article 9.1 requires Parties to the
Convention to provide the person requesting environmental information with recourse to chal-
lenge the authority’s decision on the matter in a court of law or another independent and im-
partial body established by law. The same expression can be found in Article 9.2 of the Con-
vention and is reflected in the EU’s implementation legislation on Article 9.1, namely Article
6 of the Environmental Information Directive (2003/4, EID4). It is widely believed that this
expression equates to “any court or tribunal” in Article 267 TFEU, as well as “an independent
and impartial tribunal established by law” in Article 6 European Convention of Human Rights
and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), requiring a fair trial.5 It also goes without saying that
these expressions are “autonomous”, meaning that the national label on the reviewing body is
of no importance when evaluating its independence and impartiality.6 As a consequence, the
first sentence of Article 9.1 calls for a review mechanism performed by such a body, irrespec-
tive of how it is named in the national legal system.
Furthermore, Article 9.1 requires that any person has access to a court or tribunal in order to
challenge a refusal on a request for environmental information. To date, the Compliance
Committee has found non-compliance under Article 9.1 concerning who entitled to make such
a request in only one case and that was the early communication ACCC/C/2004/1.7 This gen-
eral picture is confirmed in the present study as there are no issues reported concerning appli-
cants for environmental information in this respect. In fact, as all members of the public irre-
spective of nationality, residence or other belonging are allowed to make such a request with-
out stating an interest, one may note that “standing” according to Article 9.1 is very different
from standing in a more traditional sense, meaning the delimitation of those who are con-
cerned by a decision or omission. This distinction is reflected in the two definitions of the
concepts “the public” and “the public concerned” in Article 2.4 and Article 2.5 respectively.
Thus, when Article 4 refers to “the public”, this means that all natural or legal persons and
4 Directive 2003/4/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2003 on public access to
environmental information and repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC.
5 See for example The Aarhus Convention – An Implementation Guide, UNECE 2nd ed. 2014 (cit. “Implementa-
tion Guide 2014”) at page 189.
6 For a discussion about the meaning of the expression court of law or another independent and impartial body
established by law, see the Implementation Guide 2014, at pages 188-189, also Darpö, J: Environmental Justice
through the Courts. From Environmental Law and Justice in Context (Eds. Ebbesson & Okowa). Cambridge
University Press 2009, p. 176-194.
7 Findings of the Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee on communications ACCC/C/2004/1 (Kazakhstan)
(ECE/MP.PP/C.1/2005/2/Add.1), ACCC/C/2008/30 (Republic of Moldova) (ECE/MP.PP/C.1/2009/6/Add.3),
ACCC/C/2012/69 (Romania) (ECE/MP.PP/C.1/2015/10) and ACCC/C/2013/93 (Norway)
(ECE/MP.PP/C.1/2017/16) seem to be the most important cases on access to environmental information, howev-
er mostly dealing with the definition of environmental information, grounds for refusal, timeliness and weak
enforcement. The documents and other information are available at:
https://unece.org/env/pp/cc/communications-from-the-public
their associations, organisations and groups have the right to make a request for environmen-
tal information.8
Although not explicitly stated in the first sentence of Article 9.1, the review required here
covers both procedural and substantive issues under Article 4.9 As one cannot really draw a
clear distinction between the two aspects, it is hard to imagine what a review covering only
one of them would actually look like. Although this issue has not really been examined by the
Compliance Committee, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) confirmed in
case C-71/14 East Sussex (2015) – which concerned the requirements for access to environ-
mental information according to the EID (2003/4) – that judicial procedures in the Member
States must enable the national court “to apply effectively the relevant principles and rules of
EU law when reviewing the lawfulness” of an administrative decision to deny such access.10
Although this court has no direct competence to interpret the Aarhus Convention, its case-law
on the implementation in the Member States provides us with “state practice” concerning the
obligations therein.11
Article 9.1 second sentence
According to the second sentence of Article 9.1 of the Aarhus Convention, if the review under
the first sentence of Article 9.1 is provided by a court of law, the unsuccessful applicant shall
also have access to an expeditious procedure for reconsidering by a public authority or review
by an independent and impartial body other than a court of law. The understanding of what
body and in what way the alternative procedure shall be performed is thus of importance here.
According to the text, it shall either consist of “reconsideration by a public authority” or a
“review by an independent and impartial body other than a court of law”. This issue was
touched upon in communication ACCC/C/2013/93, where the Compliance Committee stated
in its findings:
The Committee considers that, under the legal framework of the Party concerned, the Par-
liamentary Ombudsman is an inexpensive, independent and impartial body established by
law through which members of the public can request review of an information request
made under article 4 of the Convention. The Committee therefore finds that the Parlia-
mentary Ombudsman of the Party concerned constitutes a review procedure within the
scope of the second sentence of article 9, paragraph 1, of the Convention. 12
Here, it can be noted that the recommendations by the Parliamentary Ombudsman are not
binding, although normally respected by the authorities. In communication ACCC/C/2013/93,
the time taken for the Ombudsman’s review was at issue. When deciding this, the Compliance
Committee applied both the requirement for expediency in the second sentence of Article 9.1
and the general timeliness criterion in Article 9.4. All in all, the time span between the request
to the Ombudsman for review of the Government’s refusal to disclose the information and the
8 The Implementation Guide 2014 at page 191.
9 The Implementation Guide 2014 at page 191.
10 C-71/14 East Sussex (2015) para 58.
11 Article 31(3)(b) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), see Wouters, J & Ryngaert, C &
Ruys, T & De Baere, G: International law – A European perspective. Hart Publishing 2018, pp. 100-103.
12 Findings of the Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee on communication ACCC/C/2013/93 (Norway)
(ECE/MP.PP/C.1/2017/16), para 86.
7
final recommendation was two and a half years, which was found to be in breach of those
requirements. In finding this, the Committee particularly noted that “nowhere in the documen-
tation before it does the Ombudsman appear to have instructed the Ministry to respond within
a certain time or even to request it to reply in a timely or expeditious manner”.13 However,
while finding that the Party concerned had failed with the requirements to be expeditious and
timely, the Committee did not make recommendations to the Party concerned, as there was no
evidence that the non-compliance was due to a systematic error. 14 Even so, based on findings
on communication ACCC/C/2013/93, a reasonable conclusion is that an Ombudsman institu-
tion can be accepted as a review mechanism under the second sentence of Article 9.1.
The rationale for the Committee’s standpoint seems to be that as long as the Party provides
the appellant with the possibility of appealing to a court or tribunal, the expeditious procedure
according to the second sentence of Article 9.1 may well be performed by an independent
body issuing recommendations. This reasoning is also in line with the fact that according to
the text in this provision, it alternatively suffices for the Parties to provide the information
seeking public with access to administrative reconsideration to meet the demand for an expe-
ditious procedure. Such a procedure within the administration exists in many countries and is
today recognised as “good governance” in administrative law. It may be undertaken by a
higher level within the hierarchy of that authority or even by a special organ created for this
purpose, but it is always done “within the administration”. A certain demand for objectivity
can be retrieved from the fact that Article 9.4 also applies to these alternative procedures.
How far this will be drawn cannot be foreseen, as the Compliance Committee in findings on
communication ACCC/C/2013/93 only elaborated on some of the criteria therein (timeliness),
but not all (injunctive relief).
Against this background, it is somewhat surprising that the Implementation Guide 2014 seems
to understand that the independence and impartiality requirement in the second sentence of
Article 9.1 applies to both administrative reconsideration and review procedures. Under the
headline “Alternative to court review”, it is said that the additional review process can take
several forms, including reconsideration by the public authority or review by an independent
and impartial body other than a court of law. Thereafter, it is stated (emphasis added):15
Many ECE countries have some kind of general administrative reconsideration or appeals
process for governmental decisions. This administrative process often functions more rap-
idly than an appeal to a court and is often free of charge. Applied to review of requests for
information, so long as the body is independent and impartial and established by law,
such a process could satisfy the requirements of the Convention.
This statement in the Implementation Guide is not compatible with a straight-forward reading
of the text in Article 9.1, or in line with any findings of the Compliance Committee. Instead, a
reasonable conclusion is that it suffices for the Parties to have a system where the authorities’
decision to refuse the disclosure of environmental information is reconsidered within the ad-
ministration, however under the condition that that procedure meets the Article 9.4 require-
ments. Thereafter the discontented applicant must be able to rely on the possibility to go to
court.
13 Ibid. paras. 89.
14 Ibid. paras. 87-92.
15 The Implementation Guide 2014 at page 192.
8
Article 9.1 third sentence
In the third sentence of Article 9.1, it says that final decisions under Article 9.1 shall be bind-
ing on the public authority holding the information. This raises the question if all kinds of
decisions can be characterised as “final” as soon as the deadline for appeal has expired, irre-
spective of whether it is an administrative decision or a court judgment. According to the text
in the third sentence, the binding requirement applies to all final decisions under Article 9.1,
even those which result from a reconsideration procedure within the administration or a re-
view by an independent body outside that administration. Thus, the wording indicates that it
does not matter which body took the decision, and when, as all final decisions according to
the established definition above must be binding on the authority. This is also how administra-
tive reconsideration processes normally function, as the second decision replaces the first one
from the information holding authority.
However, such a viewpoint does not seem to follow the Compliance Committee’s findings on
communication ACCC/C/2013/93, as recommendations by an Ombudsman were accepted.
Instead, from that case one may conclude that the binding requirement only applies to final
decisions under the first sentence of Article 9.1. This is also the impression when reading the
findings of the Compliance Committee on communication ACCC/C/2008/30, where it was
stated (emphasis added):16
If a public agency has the possibility not to comply with a final decision of a court of law
under article 9, paragraph 1, of the Convention, then doubts arise as to the binding nature
of the decisions of the courts within a given legal system. Taking into account article 9,
paragraph 1, which implies that the final decisions of a court of law or other independent
and impartial body established by law are binding upon and must thus be complied with
by public authorities, the failure of the public authority to fully execute the final decision
of the court of law implies non-compliance of the Party concerned with article 9, para-
graph 1, of the Convention.
In the European Union as set out by Article 6 of EID (2003/4), the binding criteria also ap-
plies only to review decisions by a court of law or another independent and impartial body.
The same line of reasoning is furthermore confirmed in the Implementation Guide 2014.17
Based on the above, it can be concluded that the Ombudsman institution or an Information
Commissioner may be regarded as review procedures according to the first sentence of Article
9.1, but only if its decisions are binding on the information holding authority. On the other
hand, when these institutions can issue recommendations only, they still may well be accepted
as alternative complaint procedures under the second sentence of that provision.
16 Findings of the Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee on communication ACCC/C/2008/30 (Republic of
Moldova) (ECE/MP.PP/C.1/2009/6/Add.3), para. 35.
17 The Implementation Guide 2014 at page 189, see also at page 193 about the requirement according to Article
9.1 to provide with – in addition to any advisory processes – a possibility for the applicant to obtain a decision
which is binding upon the information holding authority.
9
2. Questions concerning access to justice in cases on the right to
environmental information:
1. Please indicate time limits for public authorities holding environmental information to re-
spond to requests for environmental information. Is there a requirement for the issuance of a
refusal in writing and stating reasons for the decision? How is the applicant informed about
the possibilities to appeal the decision?
Summary of the responses
All the studied Parties have time frames in law for how soon a request for environmental in-
formation must be answered, either by expressions such as “promptly”, “immediately” or “as
soon as possible” or stated in number of days. In Swedish law, the requirement is to disclose
the requested information “forthwith”. According to the Parliamentary Ombudsman, this shall
be understood as a couple of days, unless special circumstances are at hand. Those Parties
applying numeric criteria range from 48 hours to one month, but most lie in the range of 8, 10
or 15 calendar or working days. All of the studied Parties also leave room for extending the
time frame due to reasons such as complexity, volume, the need to consult between authori-
ties or to collect data, etc. The extension period commonly is the same as the first time frame,
for example 15 days on top of the first 15 days. It is often stated in law that an extension must
be communicated with the applicant some time before the first deadline expires. Of the stud-
ied Parties, Germany, Ireland and Portugal seem to have the longest formal time frames, al-
lowing up to two months in complex cases. In quite a few Parties, the consequence of not
meeting the deadline is that this “silence” is regarded as either a refusal to the request or an
appealable omission (EU, IE, ME, PT, MD, RS, SK, CH), enabling the applicant to appeal
that “decision” by the authority. I will return to these so-called “negative silence rules” in
section 3.
2. What are the time limits to appeal a decision on access to environmental information? What
are the most frequently used grounds for appeal? Are there any issues concerning who has
standing in such cases? To what body and in which form is the appeal made; recourse for re-
view within the public authority or to the higher authority; Information Commissioner, Om-
budsman or any other independent and impartial body; or directly to court of law? If appeal to
the review body other than a court of law is available in any form, does that request suspend
the time limits to appeal to the court? Is there a requirement of exhaustion of administrative
review procedures prior to bringing the case to court?
Summary of the responses
First of all, there are no “standing issues” reported in the study. All the studied Parties allow
“anyone” to request environmental information and there does not seem to be any restriction
to this in administrative practice or case-law. Moreover, most Parties studied give standing to
those whose interests may be impacted negatively by the disclosure of the requested infor-
mation, which seems to be a reasonable point of view from an “equality of arms” perspective.
It is also a requirement expressed in the EU law implementing Article 9.1 of Aarhus.18
18 See Article 6.2 in the Environmental Information Directive (2003/4).
10
Appeals against decisions on a request for environmental information or appealing a failure to
reply to a request can be made in a variety of ways. Commonly, there is a possibility to ask
for administrative reconsideration and/or appeal to a specialized body, created for the purpose
of handling complaints in information cases (information tribunals19). The time frames to
bring such appeals in the studied Parties lie between 15 days and three months. In addition,
there is a possibility to go to court within a similar or slightly longer time limit (one to three
months). Normally, these procedures are made in succession, meaning that the reconsidera-
tion process or the review in the information tribunal must be concluded before the discon-
tented party can appeal to a court of law. As thus the administrative process is a prerequisite
for judicial review, one can say that those systems have an “exhaustion obligation”. Under
these circumstances, it is consequential that the administrative phase has a “suspensive effect”
on the appeal to court, meaning that the time limit for judicial review starts not until the ad-
ministrative appeal procedure is concluded. However, as the information on such an effect
given in the responses is meagre, one cannot draw any firm conclusions on this issue.20 There
are also exceptions to this overall picture, where the discontented applicant can either demand
administrative reconsideration or go directly to court. The respondents from Kazakhstan give
such an example. Further, Sweden stands out in that the applicant is instructed to go directly
to court, although the appeal should be submitted to the authority that made the first decision.
When the written appeal arrives to that authority, it undertakes administrative reconsideration
of the decision. If the appeal is not satisfied in this procedure, the documents are forwarded to
the relevant court. In this way, the administrative phase in the appeal process to court is a
mandatory part in the proceedings and has a suspensive effect.
According to the responses, Ireland, Montenegro, Portugal, Serbia and Switzerland have cre-
ated special tribunals for dealing with complaints or appeals in information cases. The aim
with setting up such bodies is to simplify and speed up the conflict handling in these cases, as
well as keeping down the costs for the parties involved. Specialization seems to be another
reason, as those bodies can be staffed with experts in the subject area. Decisions made by the
information tribunals are commonly binding upon the administration. Besides, all or almost
all of the studied Parties have an Ombudsman or a similar organ for administrative com-
plaints. Unlike the information tribunals, the Ombudsman’s function is mainly disciplinary
and his or her decisions are commonly regarded as recommendations only. It is also interest-
ing to note that the information tribunals in Ireland, Serbia and Switzerland can undertake
mediation in information cases. This is also possible in the courts of Kazakhstan and the Re-
public of Moldova by way of settlements between the parties to the proceedings in infor-
mation cases. I will return to the relationship between administrative reconsideration, infor-
mation tribunals and judicial review, as well as mediation in section 3.
This question also includes a request for information about the most common derogation
grounds used in the studied Parties. However, the responses given here are too meagre to
draw any real conclusions from, why we have declined to do so.
19 The term “information tribunal” is used here to cover all kinds of administrative bodies that have been created
outside the information holding authorities in order to handle information cases, irrespective of their national
labels.
20 However, this requirement follows from CJEUs case-law, see C-664/15 Protect (2017) where the “exhaustion
criterion” was accepted under certain conditions (paras 59-81), also C-73/16 Peter Puškár (2017) para 76.
11
3. If appeal is made to an independent body mentioned above, how is the independence and
impartiality of that body ensured?
Summary of the responses
A lack of the criteria for independence and impartiality in the posed question meant that most
respondents just made a blank statement that the reviewing bodies of the Parties studies either
are independent and impartial or – in some cases – quite the opposite. In most cases, little
support is given for any of these viewpoints. Some of the answers, however, provide a little
more food for thought. As pointed at in part 1.2, it should also be noted that the requirement
for independence and impartiality does not apply to “administrative reconsideration” under
the second sentence of Article 9.1, even though the procedure shall be “fair” and “equitable”
according to Article 9.4.
The respondent from the EU Commission states that the reconsideration by the Secretary-
General of the Commission is independent and impartial, as it is done by a specific team of
the Secretary-General separate from the various Directorates-General and services responsible
for decision-making on access to documents upon request. According to the respondent, this
is evident through statistics showing that a substantial amount of the initial decisions are total-
ly or partially revised by the reviewing body. However, this is contested by ClientEarth,
claiming that that body forms part of the same institution as the one responding to the infor-
mation request. The German respondents inform that the special body within the administra-
tion – die Wiederspruchsbehörde – is independent and impartial, as it is unheard of that the
administration does not abide to its decision. Respondents from other Parties reported that the
independence is guaranteed by law. However, in some of the responses, the analysis is further
developed as to why the information tribunal in their country is independent and impartial
from the administration. In Ireland, the reporters seem to agree that the Commissioner for
Environmental Information (CEI) was created in order to have such a status and to focus on
customer services, fairness, empathy and innovation. Further, the independence of the Com-
mission for Access to Administrative Documents (CADA) in Portugal is guaranteed by law
and its decisions cannot be altered by other authorities. CADA is chaired by a justice from the
Supreme Administrative Court and consists of members from different sectors of society, who
cannot be questioned or removed from their positions. Finally, the Commissioner for Infor-
mation of Public Importance and Personal Data Protection in Serbia is autonomous and inde-
pendent according to law. This Commissioner must not take instructions from other parts of
the administration and can be made liable or be prosecuted only with the consent of the Na-
tional Parliament.
Without any doubt, some of these information tribunals can be regarded as independent and
impartial even to the level that they would be regarded as a “court or tribunal” according to
Article 6 of the ECHR. Others may not be in a formal sense, but society places such a high
degree of trust in them within the administration, that the actual effect is similar. However, a
conclusive evaluation on this issue cannot be done within the framework of this study, as we
have not provided with any criteria for this in the questions posed. So for now at least, it will
have to suffice with these remarks on the responses. For the future, it would be interesting to
study this issue further in order to show good examples and discuss how the criteria according
to Article 9.4 apply on these procedures.
12
4. What costs (fees, charges) are connected to review before the court of law or other review
bodies in these cases?
Summary of the responses
To begin with, it should be noted that the question concerns litigation costs in information
cases, not the costs for copying or otherwise providing the requested documents. As for the
responses, they mirror the general picture among the Parties to the Convention as regards the
different kinds of costs that exist in environmental litigation (court fees and other court costs,
lawyers’ fees and experts’ and witness’ fees). However, the overall cost level seems to be
lower compared with other kinds of environmental cases. This may of course be attributed to
the fact that information cases in general are “simpler” than other environmental cases on
permits, EIAs, infrastructural projects, mines, etc. Also the common requirement for the
courts to deal with information cases as expediently as possible (fast-tracked, prioritized) or
even to use written procedures contributes to lowering the costs. Moreover, there do not ap-
pear to be any costs in the administrative appeal phase, irrespective of whether this is per-
formed as administrative reconsideration or review by an information tribunal. But of course,
there are also exceptions from this rule, the €50 standard fee for an appeal to the Irish CEI
being one such example and can be further reduced, waivered or refunded in certain circum-
stances.
Concerning costs in judicial review proceedings in information cases, the responses are not
very elaborate. Even so, court fees in the studied Parties seem to be common, although there
are also exceptions (EU, SE). However, the fees seem to be at a rather low level, ranging from
€3,50 (RS) to €70 (SK), €150 (GE) and €210-300 (IE). It also seems quite common for the
studied Parties to apply exemptions or reduced fees in information cases (IE, PT). Having said
that, the Loser Pays Principle (LPP) seems also to be quite common (EU, DE, CH), as well as
the mandatory use of representation by a lawyer (EU, PT, CH). This may of course entail sub-
stantially higher litigation costs for the losing party. In Switzerland, for example, the total cost
may be as high as €1,000-€3,500 and according to the German Streitwert system, these cases
may cost the unsuccessful litigant €5,000. Also one of the respondents from the EU (Cli-
entEarth) claims that the litigation costs in information cases can be significant and unpredict-
able, partly because the losing party can be ordered to pay the litigation costs of several inter-
veners. At the other end of the spectrum, there are examples where costs do not exist in in-
formation cases, or at least are very low (MD, SE). It should also be noted that it is quite
common for the courts to waive litigation costs in information cases for those who are in so-
cial need or for other personal reasons. In some of the studied Parties, this may also be done
when the applicant for information is an ENGO (SK) or when the cases are of public interest
(IE). Sometimes legal aid is available in these cases (RS, CH).
5. What is the average time needed for the court of law or another independent and impartial
body to decide an information case, i.e. from the introduction of the appeal to the notification
of the decision? If the national rules of appeal require administrative reconsideration before
the appeal is submitted to the court of law or another review body, that time should also be
also separately specified.
Summary of the responses
In general, there are set time frames in law for administrative reconsideration or review.
These are often rather short, ranging from 15 days to two months, but can commonly be ex-
13
tended in exceptional cases. For judicial review in court, formal time frames do not seem to
frequently apply, apart from general requirements for the expedient handling of information
cases. In some of the studied Parties, the courts seem to successfully deal with these cases in
surprisingly short periods of time. Thus, it is reported from the Republic of Moldova that in-
formation cases may be concluded within 30 days. In other Parties – with or without require-
ments for fast-tracking these cases – the time used in the courts range from 3 to 6 months (IE,
KZ, RS, SE). In addition to this, however, there are many examples where the court proceed-
ings take more than one year, sometimes several years in complicated cases (EU, GE, SK). In
others, there are no statistics available for information cases as such, but only for all kinds of
administrative cases. In Germany for example, the average time used in the administrative
courts is slightly more than eleven months, in Serbia six months. It should finally be noted
though, that there are many reports claiming that the set time frames or general requirements
for expediency are often exceeded, especially when the execution phase is included. Some of
the respondents claim that the whole process from the information request through the appeal
procedure and further to the execution of the court order may take several years to conclude
in certain cases (EU, GE, KZ, PT, RS, SK).
6. Are decisions of courts and other review bodies in information cases in writing, publicly
available, binding and final? If the appeal is successful, how is the independent
body’s/court’s decision enforced; by ordering the public authority to disclose the information;
by disclosing the information directly; by suing the public authority if they persist in refusing
to disclose the information or by any other means?
Summary of the responses
In all of the studied Parties, decisions from administrative reconsideration or review proce-
dures, as well as judgments from the courts are given in writing. Some of the information tri-
bunals publish all their decisions online (IE, PT). Decisions from the higher levels of the court
systems are also commonly published and thus available for the public at large. From the
lower court levels, however, judgments are not always accessible, at least not outside fee-
based private websites. Exception from this general picture are provided by the Republic of
Moldova and Slovakia, where all judgments from all levels are published on the website of
the Ministry of Justice.
As for the enforcement, this is consistently performed by way of court orders addressed to the
authority to disclose the information requested, or by quashing the administrative decision and
remitting the case back to the authority with instructions. In some of the studied Parties, en-
forcement is reinforced by the power for the information tribunals or the court to combine
such an order with a fine for disobedience (DE, PT, ME, MD, RS). In others, it is a criminal
offence not to comply with such an order (GE, ME, MD, RS, SK). In a last category, a sepa-
rate enforcement procedure must be initiated by the information requester in order to have the
judgment executed (KZ). However, quite a few of the responses given are merely stating that
court orders must be abided to according to law, but without further details about what hap-
pens in cases of disobedience. It also seems to be quite common that court orders are met by
another decision from the authority not to disclose the information requested, this time apply-
ing another exemption ground.
It should also be noted that nearly all of the studied Parties have established an Ombudsman
institution, but his or her competence is mainly disciplinary and the decisions regarded as rec-
ommendations only. Against this backdrop, I think it is safe to say that the effectiveness of
14
some of the legal systems is undermined by the failure to enforce the “binding decisions” of
information tribunals and courts. I return to this issue in the discussion in section 3.
7. Can disciplinary, administrative or criminal sanctions be exercised against the public offi-
cials if disclosure of environmental information is refused unlawfully? Would it be possible
for the applicant or other members of the public to be a party to such proceedings?
Summary of the responses
In most of the studied Parties, there is both disciplinary (administrative) and criminal liability
for failure to comply with court orders concerning the disclosure of environmental infor-
mation. One can assume that such a liability is triggered by what is called “faute grave” or
serious maladministration by civil servants. A Swedish case may illustrate this, where a re-
searcher in psychiatry and his assistants were fined for having destroyed documents in breach
of a court order. The researcher took the case all the way to the Grand Chamber of the Euro-
pean Court of Human Rights, but without success.21 The Grand Chamber found that there had
been no breach of the researchers’ right to private life or his right of negative expression un-
der Articles 8 and 10 of the ECHR. According to the responses received in this study, the re-
questers for environmental information commonly cannot intervene as a party to the proceed-
ings concerning administrative and criminal sanctions.
In some Parties, refusals concerning disclosure of environmental information can also trigger
civil liability (PT, RS). The information provided in the responses is however too meagre to
enable any substantive conclusion on this issue. It would be interesting to know more about
who may initiate such proceedings and what can be obtained from them.
8. Do you have any experience of situations/cases where individuals or ENGOs asking for
environmental information have been penalized, persecuted or harassed in any way for their
involvement?
Summary of the responses
There are no such experiences according to this study, save for anecdotal examples. One of
the respondents from Kazakhstan claims that defamation actions are common, and even initi-
ated by the administration. As this statement has not been verified by other respondents, it is
hard to draw any conclusion therefrom.
9. Do you have any experience of misuse or abuse of the right to environmental information
and the consequences thereof?
Summary of the responses
The EU respondent says that repetitive requests are handled in a simplified manner and notes
that there is a special procedure for wide ranging (in substance or in time) requests for infor-
mation. To what extent these procedures have been used is however not elaborated upon. The
21 ECtHR 2012-04-03 in Case No 41723/06; Christopher Gillberg v. Sweden.
15
Irish Commissioner of Environmental Information has considered some requests for infor-
mation which have been regarded as unreasonable, close to misuse (sometimes referred to as
“fishing trip” requests). Also in Portugal, there is some experience of repetitive requests, but
not concerning environmental information. In one of the Slovak reports, it is reported that
there are several cases of abuse in which the authorities have been flooded with requests for
environmental information. This has been dealt with by the courts by way of applying “bully-
ing law enforcement”. It would be interesting to know more about this concept.
10. In your view, what are the main barriers in your legal system concerning access to justice
for the members of the public in cases on the right to environmental information?
Summary of the responses
Cost issues are mentioned as a barrier to access to justice in environmental information cases
from four Parties (GE, DE, IE and CH) and weak enforcement from three (GE, RS, SK). The
lack of timeliness is also highlighted in responses received from three Parties, two of which
relate to proceedings in court (GE, PT), and one to the absence of time frames for administra-
tive reconsiderations (DE). Further barriers mentioned are lack of resources in the administra-
tion (RS) or inadequate staffing of the reviewing bodies (IE), absence of specialized and
knowledgeable courts (KZ, ME, RS, SK), or even independent courts (KZ). Against this
background, I will expand a little on the lack of timeliness in environmental information cases
in section 3.
11. Does your legal system provide with any innovative approaches concerning administra-
tive and judicial review procedures in cases on the right to environmental information, for
example concerning the requirement for the procedure to be expeditious, the use of alternative
dispute resolutions (ADRs), costs, remedies, means for execution of review decisions on dis-
closure or use of e-justice initiatives?
Summary of the responses
To begin with, it may be observed that respondents from one legal arena are not always the
best equipped to answer this question, as what is everyday business for them may be very
innovative for “outsiders”. This is a general experience from all comparative legal research
where the phenomenon that “you cannot see the wood for the trees” is well known. An ex-
ample of this in this study is when the respondent from the Irish Office for the Commissioner
for Environmental Information (CEI) claims that nothing within the domestic legislation pro-
vides for innovative approaches. In my view, this is quite surprising, as the CEI itself in an
international comparison is an advanced information tribunal and thus very innovative.
Be that as it may, the reporter from EU mentions that the European Ombudsman has a fast-
track procedure for dealing with environmental information cases, according to which it takes
no more than two months from complaint to decision. The German respondent highlights the
in-camera procedure which enables for the reviewing court to ask a special senate within the
Federal Administrative Court (Bundesverwaltungsgericht) to decide on the disclosure of cer-
tain documents without revealing the content to the parties to the proceedings in environmen-
tal information cases. In Sweden, the information requested can be disclosed by the court it-
self if the court finds that there are no grounds for refusal. It should be noted though, that this
rarely happens as most documents in the case file commonly go back to the authority. The
16
possibility of undertaking mediation in information tribunals or courts is mentioned in the
reports of the five studied Parties (IE, KZ, MD, RS, CH). In my view, this calls for further
clarification as to what, and when, such proceedings can successfully be brought in environ-
mental information cases.
12. Can you please provide us with a short description of particularly important or innovative
information cases, as well as cases which illustrate the main barriers concerning access to
justice in these matters.
Summary of the responses
A substantial number of cases are provided in the responses received, but almost all concern
issues relating to environmental information as such; the definition of “public authority” and
“environmental information”, the application of exemptions from the requirement for disclo-
sure, etc. Only a couple of cases seem to be related to issues concerning access to justice in
information cases. For example, one report from Georgia raises the weak enforcement of
court decisions ordering the disclosure of environmental information; in one case the time
span between order and actual disclosure was six months, in another the request for infor-
mation was made in April 2015 and the disclosure came three years thereafter, in March 2018.
Further, one respondent from Slovakia claims that the court practice to remit the case back to
the authority with instructions for disclosure does not always function well, as the authorities
may invent new grounds for refusal. Therefore, such a system can result in an eternal “ping
pong” with those cases.
17
3. Remarks and discussion
Introduction
In this section, I make some remarks on issues that are problematic, challenging or especially
interesting from general viewpoint. As for challenges, I will focus on the time issue and en-
forcement. Thereafter, I comment upon a couple of interesting features in the national legisla-
tion concerning access to justice in information cases. Some of these seem very interesting
and may therefore be worth studying further.
Unproblematic issues
To begin with, it is worth noting that there are a couple of issues that seem to be unproblemat-
ic from an access to justice perspective in environmental information cases in the 12 studied
Parties. First and foremost, and as already noted, standing does not seem to be an issue in
these cases as anyone can ask for environmental information without having to state an inter-
est in the matter. Also other concerned persons and entities are commonly accepted as parties
to the proceedings, such as those whose interests may be negatively impacted by the disclo-
sure. However, this conclusion must be caveated as there may be decisions in the legal sys-
tems that are not appealable at all. For example, decisions by the Swedish Government on the
disclosure of environmental information cannot be brought to any court of law. A reservation
was made in this respect at the signing of the Convention,22 which seems to be endorsed by
the domestic courts.23 And as the questionnaire did not cover the issue of “appealability”, we
cannot draw any conclusion on the existence of such decisions in the studied Parties.
In addition to standing, there are also other issues concerning access to justice in information
cases that seem to be less problematic based on the responses received, such as formal time
frames for the administrative decision-making and reconsideration procedures. Something
similar can probably be said about the review proceedings in the established information tri-
bunals in the studied Parties. Having said that, this statement must also be distinguished from
timeliness in practice, where the picture may be quite different.
Moreover, the requirement to provide written reasoned decisions in cases concerning envi-
ronmental information seems to less problematic in the studied Parties. Further, there would
appear to be no costs in the administrative phase of the appeal of decisions on environmental
information. Also, regarding the availability of decisions and judgments there seems to be a
general fulfilment of the Aarhus Convention requirements, at least concerning those from
information tribunals and courts of last instance. The power to impose administrative and
even criminal sanctions for serious misconduct and maladministration seems to exist com-
monly in the studied Parties, at least in theory. Further, no clear cases of harassments and
defamation claims against those who request environmental information were reported. Mis-
use and abuse of access to information rights seems to be slightly more common, although the
evidence given in the study is mostly anecdotal. Interestingly though, the respondents from
the European Commission claim that that authority has developed a specific procedure to
avoid abuse and handle wide ranging requests. It would be interesting to learn more about that
22 See https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII-
13&chapter=27&clang=_en#EndDec
23 Swedish Supreme Administrative Court (Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen), decision 2017-05-17 in case No
5670-16.
procedure. On the other hand, there is also a report from the public concerned in one of the
studied Parties that these kinds of specific procedures sometimes are abused by the admin-
istration in order to avoid complying with court orders on disclosure of environmental infor-
mation.
Barriers and challenges
Based on the responses received in this study, it is safe to say that the main barriers to access
to justice in information cases are the length of the procedure, weak enforcement and – to a
certain extent – costs. The first issue can be illustrated by one of the responses, according to
which the court procedure in that Party at first instance is expedient and effective, commonly
lasting for no more than one month. On appeal, however, the procedure is slow, unpredictable
and the appeal has no suspensive effect on the issue to which the environmental information
relates. Examples are also given other Parties of complex cases that have taken more than 4
years from the administrative decision to the final judgment, and sometimes even more. One
should also take into account that access to information can be urgent in environmental cases;
for example, if the request is made in order to obtain information concerning an EIA on a
permit application, the permit might already be issued at the time of the court order for disclo-
sure. This is a typical example of what may be called a “case won in court, but lost on the
ground”. To this background, the requirements for timeliness should be interpreted with extra
care in relation to information cases.24 Therefore, this issue needs to be further discussed as a
major obstacle for access to justice in environmental information cases.
It is similarly evident based on the responses received that the failure to enforce orders for
disclosure by information tribunals and courts is another important barrier to access to justice
in information cases. Weak enforcement is widely reported in the study, occurring mainly in
three situations. The first is when the information holding authority does not respond to the
disclosure order, or tries to evade it with silence. The second is when the reviewing court’s
competence is confined to quashing the administrative decision, which necessitates for the
information applicant to make a renewed request. If then the authority finds another ground
for refusal, s/he must appeal once again to the court, which may quash the decision once
again, etc. Such “ping-pong” seems to be quite a common phenomenon, at least in some of
the studied Parties. The third situation is when the enforcement lies in the hands of a body
other than the court, or in another procedure separated from the appeal process. Contrasting to
this, effective enforcement seems to be achieved when the court or tribunal deciding on the
merits of the case also has the power to invoke fines for disobedience, at least as far as this
power is actually used in practise. Further discussion on enforcement issues would provide us
with knowledge and experience about more organisational and legal instruments to deal with
this general problem of environmental law, including in information cases.
Costs are always mentioned as barriers to access to justice in environmental cases, and this
picture is – at least to a certain extent – confirmed in our study. As such, these cases are indis-
tinguishable from other kinds of environmental cases, although as already noted, the costs in a
number of studied Parties are at a lower level. On the other hand, the litigation costs in some
of the studied Parties can be quite substantial. This can partly be attributed to a mandatory
requirement to be represented by a lawyer in court. For now, I have little to add to this general
24 See Compliance Committee’s statement in the last sentence of paragraph 88 in findings on communication
ACCC/C/2013/93 (Norway) (ECE/MP.PP/C.1/2017/16) and the Report of the Compliance Committed to the
Meeting of the Parties at its sixth session (document ECE/MP.PP/2017/32, para. 70).
19
discussion, except to observe that costs do not seem to be an issue in the information tribunals
which some of the studied Parties have set up. As these bodies also seem to provide some
solution for the other two barriers mentioned here – lack of timeliness and weak enforcement
– it may be fruitful to examine how they are designed and function.
Good examples and interesting features in the studied Parties
I want to draw attention to three features that I find particularly interesting in the reports from
the Parties studied. To begin with, I think the information tribunals seem to be very interest-
ing, as they can provide the information seeking public with an expeditious and cheap avenue
for appeal of administrative decisions. Furthermore, as such bodies can be specialised on this
field of law and may be equipped with a competence to undertake mediation (see below), they
may provide with sufficient experience and expertise to guarantee legal certainty and swift-
ness in these procedures. If they meet the criterion of being independent and impartial accord-
ing to Article 6 ECHR and Article 267 TFEU, they can also ease the burden of the national
court systems. Information tribunals is also a feature that has raised growing attention in in-
ternational law due to the positive experiences therefrom. For example, the Organisation for
Security and Cooperation in Europe Representative on Freedom of the Media recommended
in 2007 to create such independent oversight bodies in its Member States.25
Further, in many of the legal systems, administrative silence is regarded as a negative decision
when the deadline given in law is expired. This legal construct for dealing with “administra-
tive silence” or “administrative delay” is in line with a general development of modern ad-
ministrative law, not least in order to strengthen the application of EU law. The possibility
for certain actors to bring a case to the CJEU in order to challenge failures to act by the insti-
tutions of EU already exists in Article 265 in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European
Union (TFEU). The result of such an action is that the Court declares the omission in breach
of the EU Treaties. Also in secondary EU legislation, we have a number of legal constructs in
order to deal with administrative omission or silence. According to Article 12 in Directive
2014/65 on markets in financial instruments, the consequence of silence from the competent
authority on a notification from someone to undertake an acquisition, is that the authority has
no objection to the merger. This is an example of what is a called a “positive silence rule”.
Examples of the opposite – “negative silence rules”26 similar to the ones mentioned in the
study – can be found in Article 10(6) of the EC Merger Regulation 139/2004. Even more rel-
evant is Article 8(3) of the Regulation 1049/2001 regarding public access to European Par-
liament, Council and Commission documents, which states that the failure of the institution to
reply within the prescribed time limit shall be considered as a negative reply and entitle the
applicant to institute court proceedings and/or make a complaint to the Ombudsman. Also in
Member State laws, such negative silence rules have established roots and are today quite
common.27 My general conclusion is that this legal construct – which in essence means that
silence is equalled to an appealable refusal – is a good example on how to effectively deal
with administrative passivity as regards access to environmental information. Having said
this, there can also be drawbacks to such a system; when the information seeking public ap-
25 See Report by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media on access to information by the media in
the OSCE region: trends and recommendations available (30 April 2007, p. 4) at
https://www.osce.org/fom/24892
26 Sometimes also called “implied dismissals” or “deemed refusals”.
27 See opinion by Advocate General Wahl in C-58/13 and C-59/13 Torresi (2014), at para 70.
peals “silence”, the administration’s arguments against disclosure can be unknown, something
that may make the procedure in court unpredictable, complicated and – not least – lengthy.
The final good example concerns mediation. As noted under question 11, mediation possibili-
ties are available in information cases in a number of the studied Parties, both in information
tribunals and in courts. Respondents noted that an agreement reached through mediation can
be effectively executed due to their status as executable documents. Further, mediation may
be a useful tool in the initial phase of the proceedings, for getting the parties together, to clari-
fy the controversial issues and to see whether any settlement can be reached between them.
This seems very interesting and may be an issue to study further.
Concluding remarks
Access to information plays a crucial role in environmental matters. Without information, the
public cannot participate in the decision-making procedures in any meaningful way. It is a
vital ingredient in what is regarded as “good governance” on this field of law, aiming at keep-
ing the public well informed and engaged in the procedures. This way, access to information
improves the transparency in the decision-making and thereby secures the environmental in-
terests protected in law. It also serves as a means for improving the quality of the decision-
making and thereby reduce the need for court proceedings.
Against this background, it is quite surprising that access to justice in information cases has
raised relatively little attention in the Aarhus discourse over the years.28 Cases concerning
Article 9.1 and its implementation in the Parties to the Convention are rather few compared
with those dealing with Articles 9.2 and 9.3. As already noted, the Compliance Committee
has so far dealt with only three cases of interest for this study. Even if there are more cases
pending as of today with the allegations concerning the implementation of Article 9.1 (e.g.,
see communications ACCC/C/2015/134, ACCC/C/2018/161 and ACCC/C/2019/173),29 it
remains to be seen what comes out that may be of importance from an access to justice per-
spective. As has been illustrated in this study, also on national level there is a limited number
of court cases concerning access to justice in information cases. The same goes for infringe-
ment cases and requests for preliminary rulings in the CJEU, where the vast majority of some
50 Aarhus cases deal with the implementation of Articles 9.2 and 9.3. To a certain extent,
however, this general picture is balanced by the fact that there is quite a number of very inter-
esting cases regarding requests for environmental information from the EU institutions that
has been brought by the ENGO community by way direct action to CJEU according to Regu-
lation 1049/2001.
But even so, the general impression is that access to justice in information cases has not been
paid the attention it merits in the public debate concerning Aarhus and its implementation in
the UNECE region. The primary intention of this study has therefore been to compensate for
this silence and start a wider debate on the implementation of Article 9.1 in the Parties to the
Convention. It has also become quite apparent that some of the issues raised are quite contro-
28 Although it has been highlighted in other fora, such as the Council of Europe in its 2002 Recommendation on
Access to Official Documents and Principle IX therein, also OSCEs 2007 review of the right of access to infor-
mation in the OSCE region. For further information, see Open Society Justice Initiative: Right2info: Information
Commission/ers and Other Oversight Bodies and Mechanisms; https://www.right2info.org/information-
commission-ers-and-other-oversight-bodies-and-mechanisms
29 See https://unece.org/env/pp/cc/communications-from-the-public
versial and need to be debated further. And this is where the Task Force on Access to Justice
has a role to play as a platform for studies and meetings where all aspects of Aarhus can be
discussed. This role as a mere facilitator for a wider debate without any formal significance is
in fact the strength of our body under the Convention.
Stockholm 28 February 2021: Jan Darpö
1. Introduction
1.1 The study and the synthesis report
1.2 Article 9.1 of the Aarhus Convention in text and practice
Article 9.1 first sentence
Article 9.1 second sentence
Article 9.1 third sentence
2. Questions concerning access to justice in cases on the right to environmental information:
3. Remarks and discussion
Introduction
Unproblematic issues
Barriers and challenges
Good examples and interesting features in the studied Parties
Wichtiger Hinweis:
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Urteilskopf
144 II 218
19. Auszug aus dem Urteil der I. öffentlich-rechtlichen Abteilung i.S. Eidgenössisches Departement für Wirtschaft,
Bildung und Forschung gegen WWF Schweiz (Beschwerde in öffentlich-rechtlichen Angelegenheiten)
1C_312/2017 vom 12. Februar 2018
Regeste
Parteistellung und Beschwerderecht der Naturschutzorganisationen im Verfahren der Überprüfung von
Pflanzenschutzmitteln nach Art. 29 PSMV (Art. 12 NHG; Art. 78 Abs. 2 BV).
Die gezielte Überprüfung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln durch die Zulassungsbehörde stellt eine Bundesaufgabe im Sinne
von Art. 78 Abs. 2 BV dar (E. 3). Das Beschwerderecht der Naturschutzorganisationen nach Art. 12 NHG setzt nicht
voraus, dass die angefochtene Verfügung einen konkreten räumlichen Bezug aufweist (E. 4-6).
Sachverhalt ab Seite 219
BGE 144 II 218 S. 219
A. Das Bundesamt für Landwirtschaft (BLW) ist nach Art. 71 Abs. 1 Pflanzenschutzmittelverordnung vom 12. Mai
2010 (PSMV; SR 916.161) die Zulassungsstelle für Pflanzenschutzmittel. Bestehen Anzeichen dafür, dass gewisse
Bewilligungsvoraussetzungen nicht mehr erfüllt sind, führt sie gestützt auf Art. 29 Abs. 1 und 4 PSMV
Überprüfungsverfahren durch, um über Weiterbestand, Änderung oder Widerruf entsprechender Bewilligungen
entscheiden zu können. Informationen dazu veröffentlicht sie auf ihrer Homepage.
Aufgrund einer solchen Veröffentlichung erfuhr die Stiftung WWF Schweiz im Laufe des Jahres 2015, dass
Überprüfungsverfahren zu verschiedenen Pflanzenschutzmitteln mit den Wirkstoffen Dimethoate, Epoxiconazole,
Etofenprox und Quinoclamine durchgeführt wurden. Sie gelangte am 30. September 2015 an das BLW mit den
Anträgen, sie sei zu diesen Verfahren beizuladen und es sei ihr Akteneinsicht zu gewähren. Sofern die Verfahren bereits
abgeschlossen worden seien, seien ihr die entsprechenden Verfügungen zu eröffnen. Zur Begründung erklärte sie, die
Wirkstoffe Dimethoate, Epoxiconazole, Etofenprox und Quinoclamine seien für Wildbienen und andere Insekten
hochgiftig und gefährdeten die einheimische Tierwelt sowie die biologische Vielfalt.
Am 26. November 2015 wies das BLW den Antrag auf Beiladung ab, soweit es darauf eintrat. Es hielt fest, dass nur
noch das Überprüfungsverfahren zu quinoclaminehaltigen Pflanzenschutzmitteln hängig sei; alle anderen Verfahren
seien bereits abgeschlossen worden. Die Stiftung WWF könne an Verfahren der gezielten Überprüfung nicht als Partei
beteiligt und ihr auch keine Akteneinsicht gewährt werden.
B. Dagegen erhob die Beschwerdeführerin am 5. Januar 2016 Beschwerde an das Bundesverwaltungsgericht.
Mit Urteil (B-64/2016) vom 25. April 2017 hiess das Bundesverwaltungsgericht die Beschwerde gut, hob die
angefochtene Verfügung
BGE 144 II 218 S. 220
vom 26. November 2015 auf und wies die Sache an das BLW zurück, um der Stiftung WWF Schweiz im Verfahren zur
gezielten Überprüfung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln mit dem Wirkstoff Quinoclamine Parteistellung einzuräumen.
C. Gegen diesen Entscheid hat das Eidgenössische Departement für Wirtschaft, Bildung und Forschung WBF (im
Folgenden: Departement) am 2. Juni 2017 Beschwerde in öffentlich-rechtlichen Angelegenheiten beim Bundesgericht
erhoben.
Das Bundesgericht weist die Beschwerde ab.
3. Streitig ist vorliegend, ob Art. 12 Abs. 1 lit. b des Bundesgesetzes vom 1. Juli 1966 über den Natur- und
Heimatschutz (NHG; SR 451) der Beschwerdegegnerin das Beschwerderecht einräumt und ihr damit Parteistellung
verschafft.
3.1 Die Beschwerdegegnerin gehört zu den nach dieser Bestimmung beschwerdeberechtigten Organisationen (Art. 12
Abs. 3 NHG i.V.m. Ziff. 3 des Anhangs zur bundesrätlichen Verordnung vom 27. Juni 1990 über die Bezeichnung der
im Bereich des Umweltschutzes sowie des Natur- und Heimatschutzes beschwerdeberechtigten Organisationen [VBO;
SR 814.076]).
3.2 Nach ständiger Rechtsprechung steht die Verbandsbeschwerde nach Art. 12 NHG nur offen, soweit der
angefochtene Entscheid die Erfüllung einer Bundesaufgabe im Sinne von Art. 78 Abs. 2 BV und Art. 2 NHG betrifft
(vgl. z.B. BGE 123 II 5 E. 2c S. 7 f.). Voraussetzung hierfür ist insbesondere, dass sich die angefochtene Verfügung auf
hinreichend detailliertes, direkt anwendbares Bundesrecht stützt (BGE 142 II 509 E. 2 S. 511 ff. mit Hinweisen). Dies
ist vorliegend unstreitig der Fall, werden doch Pflanzenschutzmittel durch eine Bundesbehörde (BLW) gestützt auf eine
umfassende bundesrechtliche Regelung in der PSMV zugelassen bzw. überprüft.
3.3 Verlangt wird ferner ein Bezug der Aufgabe zum Natur- und Heimatschutz, sei es, weil die bundesrechtliche
Regelung (zumindest auch) dem Schutz von Natur, Landschaft oder Heimat dient, oder aber der bundesrechtliche
Auftrag die Gefahr der Beeinträchtigung schützenswerter Natur, Ortsbilder oder Landschaften in sich birgt und deshalb
die Rücksichtnahme auf die Anliegen des Natur- und
BGE 144 II 218 S. 221
Heimatschutzes sichergestellt werden muss (BGE 139 II 271 E. 9.4 S. 275 mit Hinweisen). Auch diese Voraussetzung
ist vorliegend unstreitig erfüllt:
Pflanzenschutzmittel sind Stoffe, die u.a. dazu bestimmt sind, Nutzpflanzen oder ihre Erzeugnisse vor schädlichen
Pflanzen, Tieren oder Krankheitserregern (Schadorganismen) zu schützen, unerwünschte Pflanzen zu vernichten oder
deren Wachstum zu hemmen (vgl. Art. 4 lit. e des Bundesgesetzes vom 15. Dezember 2000 über den Schutz vor
gefährlichen Stoffen und Zubereitungen [Chemikaliengesetz,ChemG; SR 813.1]). Die dazu eingesetzten Wirkstoffe
können sichauf die einheimische Tier- und Pflanzenwelt (Art. 1 lit. d NHG) schädlich auswirken und die biologische
Vielfalt (Art. 1 lit. dbis NHG) erheblich beeinträchtigen. Art. 18 Abs. 2 NHG sieht denn auch ausdrücklich vor, dass bei
der Schädlingsbekämpfung, insbesondere mit Giftstoffen, darauf zu achten ist, dass schützenswerte Tier- und
Pflanzenarten nicht gefährdet werden. Diese Vorgabe wird in verschiedenen Bestimmungen der PSMV konkretisiert: So
soll die Verordnung sicherstellen, dass Pflanzenschutzmittel bei vorschriftsgemässem Umgang keine unannehmbaren
Nebenwirkungen auf Mensch, Tier und Umwelt haben; sie soll ein hohes Schutzniveau für die Gesundheit von Mensch
und Tier und für die Umwelt gewährleisten (Art. 1 Abs. 1 PSMV). Die Bestimmungen der Verordnung beruhen daher
auf dem Vorsorgeprinzip (Art. 1 Abs. 4 PSMV). Ein Pflanzenschutzmittel darf unter realistischen
Verwendungsbedingungen keine unannehmbaren Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt haben (Art. 4 Abs. 5 lit. e PSMV),
unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Verbleib und Ausbreitung in der Umwelt, insbesondere Kontamination von
Gewässern, des Grundwassers, der Luft und des Bodens (Ziff. 1), der Auswirkung auf Nichtzielarten (Ziff. 2) und auf
die biologische Vielfalt und das Ökosystem (Ziff. 3). Hierfür enthalten die Verordnung und ihre Anhänge detaillierte
Vorgaben; zu bewerten sind u.a. Verbleib und Verteilung im Grundwasser und in Oberflächengewässern, Möglichkeiten
der Verflüchtigung in die Luft, Risiken für Vögel, Wasserorganismen, Honigbienen und andere Nützlinge wie Insekten,
Raubmilben und Spinnen, Regenwürmer oder Bodenmikroorganismen (WAGNER PFEIFER, Umweltrecht, Besondere
Regelungsbereiche, 2013, S. 45 f. Rz. 198).
4. Streitig ist, ob als zusätzliches Erfordernis für das Vorliegen einer Bundesaufgabe bzw. für die Zulässigkeit der
Verbandsbeschwerde ein Raumbezug erforderlich ist.
BGE 144 II 218 S. 222
4.1 Das Departement macht geltend, die Verbandsbeschwerde komme nur bei Bundesaufgaben mit räumlichem Bezug
zum Tragen, wie namentlich den in Art. 2 Abs. 1 NHG genannten Konzessions-, Planungs-, Projektbewilligungs- und
Beitragsverfahren; an diesem Raumbezug fehle es vorliegend.
Bei der Bewilligung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln werde kein konkreter Raum für deren Anwendung bestimmt, auch wenn
eine Beschränkung auf bestimmte Kulturen verfügt werde: Wo solche Kulturen angebaut und ob sie mit
Pflanzenschutzmitteln behandelt würden, entscheide allein der Käufer eines solchen Mittels. (...)
Dementsprechend sei das Bundesamt für Justiz in einem unveröffentlichten Rechtsgutachten über die Bewilligung von
Sprühflügen vom 27. Januar 1989 zum Ergebnis gekommen, dass die Verbandsbeschwerde mangels Raumbezugs nicht
gegen die generelle Zulassung eines umweltgefährdenden Stoffes offenstehe, sondern nur, wenn es um den Einsatz
solcher Stoffe in einem geografisch abgegrenzten Raum gehe, wie bei der Bewilligung von Sprühflügen, deren
Perimeter parzellenscharf abgegrenzt werde (vgl. dazu BAFU/BAZL [Hrsg.], Ausbringen aus der Luft von
Pflanzenschutzmitteln, Biozidprodukten und Düngern, 2016, S. 13, Ziff. 1.6.2).
4.2 Das Bundesverwaltungsgericht ging dagegen davon aus, die Verbandsbeschwerde setze bei Vorliegen einer
Bundesaufgabe keinen Raumbezug voraus; dieses Kriterium ergebe sich weder aus Art. 12 NHG, noch aus der - nicht
abschliessenden - Aufzählung in Art. 2 NHG oder aus Art. 78 Abs. 2 BV. Eine solche Beschränkung des
Verbandsbeschwerderechts wäre auch nicht sachgerecht, da die Behörden beim Vollzug von Bundesaufgaben die
verfassungsrechtlich geschützten Natur- und Heimatschutzinteressen immer berücksichtigen müssten. (...)
4.3 Die Beschwerdegegnerin teilt die Auffassung der Vorinstanz (...). Selbst wenn man aber einen räumlichen Bezug
verlangen würde, wäre dieser bei der Zulassung und der Überprüfung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln gegeben (...).
4.4 Das BAFU (...) weist darauf hin, dass die Zulassung oder die Überprüfung eines Pflanzenschutzmittels einen
Raumbezug (...) haben könne, weil die Zulassungsstelle die Anforderungen für die Verwendung des
Pflanzenschutzmittels festlege (Art. 18 Abs. 3 und 6 PSMV) und im Überprüfungsverfahren ändern könne. Dazu
gehörten insbesondere die Art der Verwendung (Art. 5 Abs. 2 lit. e PSMV)
BGE 144 II 218 S. 223
und die Festlegung von Gebieten, in denen die Verwendung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln nicht oder nur unter spezifischen
Bedingungen zugelassen werden dürfe (Art. 5 Abs. 2 lit. h PSMV).
5. Im Folgenden ist zunächst ein Überblick über Rechtsprechung und Literatur zum Kriterium der Raumrelevanz zu
geben.
5.1 Soweit ersichtlich, wurde dieses Kriterium erstmals im Urteil A.269/1983 der II. öffentlich-rechtlichen Abteilung
vom 2. Dezember 1983 (in: ZBl 85/1984 S. 281) aufgestellt. Damals verneinte das Bundesgericht die
Beschwerdeberechtigung eines Umweltschutzverbands gegen die Bewilligung einer befristeten Versuchsperiode für
Ultraleichtflugzeuge mit der Begründung, Art. 2 lit. b NHG beschränke - gleich wie Art. 55 USG - die
Beschwerdebefugnis auf Verfügungen betreffend die Planung, Errichtung und Änderung von ortsfesten Anlagen;
Versuche mit neuen Verkehrsmitteln seien nicht genannt. Zudem sei die Frage, ob der von Ultraleichtflugzeugen
ausgehende Lärm ein Grund für die Verweigerung der nachgesuchten Bewilligung sei, typischerweise eine solche des
Umweltschutzes und nicht des Naturschutzes.
Dieses Urteil wurde in der Literatur kritisiert, weil die Aufzählung in Art. 2 lit. b NHG nicht abschliessend sei, und
daraus nicht geschlossen werden könne, dass nur Bewilligungen für feste Anlagen anfechtbar seien. Richtig sei indessen
das Bestreben, den Begriff des Natur- und Heimatschutzes nicht ausufern zu lassen und eine Abgrenzung namentlich
auch gegenüber dem Umweltschutz zu suchen (HANS PETER MOSER, ZBl 85/1984 S. 283 f.; zustimmend JEAN-
BAPTISTE ZUFFEREY in: Kommentar NHG, Keller/Zufferey/Fahrländer [Hrsg.], 1997, Art. 2 NHG, Fn. 24).
5.2 Im bereits erwähnten Rechtsgutachten des Bundesamts für Justiz vom 27. Januar 1989 über die Bewilligung von
Sprühflügen wurde die Auffassung vertreten, Art. 2 NHG setze zwar keine ortsfeste Anlage voraus, wohl aber müsse
die Verfügung irgendeinen lokalen, räumlich begrenzten Bezug aufweisen; dieser fehle bei der generellen Zulassung
von Stoffen. Dieses Gutachten wird von ZUFFEREY (a.a.O., N. 14 zu Art. 2 NHG) und PETER M. KELLER (in:
Kommentar NHG, 1997, N. 4 zu Art. 12 NHG; derselbe, Das Beschwerderecht der Umweltorganisationen, Was gilt
nach der Teilrevision des Natur- und Heimatschutzgesetzes?, AJP 1995 S. 1125 ff., 1126) zustimmend zitiert.
5.3 ZUFFEREY (a.a.O.) führt aus, die in Frage stehende Aktivität müsse eine bestimmte räumliche Begrenzung
aufweisen und eine gewisse
BGE 144 II 218 S. 224
Auswirkung auf dieses lokale Gebiet haben (räumlicher Bezug). Art. 2 NHG erfasse somit nicht jegliche Aktivität, die
geeignet sei, Natur und Landschaft zu beeinträchtigen. Dagegen sei keine äusserliche und dauerhafte Veränderung eines
Gebiets zu verlangen, namentlich durch Bauten oder Anlagen: Art. 2 lit. b NHG sei nicht abschliessend und erwähne
selbst Betriebsbewilligungen, die keine ortsfeste Anlage voraussetzten.
KELLER (in: Kommentar NHG, 1997, N. 4 zu Art. 12 NHG) verweist auf die Ausführungen von ZUFFEREY, regt
allerdings an, bei einer allfälligen NHG-Revision auf das Kriterium der Erfüllung einer Bundesaufgabe und damit auch
der Raumrelevanz zu verzichten. In AJP 1995 (S. 1126) führt er aus, es liesse sich als Bundesaufgabe nur eine
Verfügung denken, der ein räumlicher Bezug, mit anderen Worten Raumrelevanz, zukomme. Allerdings relativiert er
diese Aussage für Verfügungen zum Biotop- und Artenschutz sowie zum Moor- und Moorlandschaftsschutz nach Art.
24sexies Abs. 4 und 5 aBV (heute: Art. 78 Abs. 4 und 5 BV): Diese liessen sich den in Art. 2 NHG erwähnten
Kategorien schlecht zuordnen; gegen sie stehe stets die Verbandsbeschwerde offen, ohne dass die unmittelbare
Auswirkung auf Natur oder Landschaft und die Raumrelevanz gesondert nachzuweisen wären.
Verschiedene Autoren verweisen auf die Ausführungen von ZUFFEREY und KELLER oder verlangen (ohne weitere
Begründung) eine gewisse räumliche Wirkung (vgl. z.B. KÖLZ/HÄNER/BERTSCHI, Verwaltungsverfahren und
Verwaltungsrechtspflege des Bundes, 2013, N. 985 S. 349; LAURENT PFEIFFER, La qualité pour recourir en droit de
l'aménagement du territoire et de l'environnement - Etude de droit fédéral et vaudois, 2013, S. 187).
5.4 Dagegen wird das Kriterium der Raumrelevanz in jüngeren Publikationen zum Verbandsbeschwerderecht abgelehnt:
Nach NINA DAJCAR (Natur- und Heimatschutz-Inventare des Bundes, 2011, S. 41) ist die Umschreibung von
Tätigkeiten als raumrelevant eher als Typisierung denn als Einschränkung zu sehen. Ihres Erachtens ist das Kriterium
unpassend, weil die Materialien zum NHG zeigten, dass im Rahmen der Kompetenzen des Bundes ein möglichst
umfassender Schutz für Natur und Heimat erreicht werden sollte; für eine enge Betrachtungsweise seien keine Hinweise
zu finden (a.a.O. S. 39). (...)
BGE 144 II 218 S. 225
REGINA MEIER (Das ideelle Verbandsbeschwerderecht: eine Darstellung der Regelungen auf Bundesebene, 2015, S.
34) teilt diese Auffassung. Sie weist insbesondere auf den Artenschutz als nicht raumrelevante Bundesaufgabe im
Natur- und Heimatschutzbereich hin. Das Kriterium sei im Gesetz nicht vorgesehen und finde sich auch nicht in den
Materialien. (...) Das Kriterium der Erfüllung einer Bundesaufgabe stelle einzig klar, dass die NHG-
Verbandsbeschwerde nicht möglich sei, wenn selbstständiges kantonales Recht angewendet werde (a.a.O. S. 190 f.).
Auch für GORAN SEFEROVIC (Ideelle Verbandsbeschwerde im Zulassungsverfahren für Pflanzenschutzmittel? - Ein
Beitrag zum Begriff der Bundesaufgabe nach Art. 2 NHG, URP 2017 S. 410 ff., 420 f.) dient das Kriterium der
Bundesaufgabe vor allem der förderalistischen Rücksichtnahme. (...) Die Beschränkung der Verbandsbeschwerde auf
raumrelevante Entscheide sei zu restriktiv und würde auch der Stossrichtung von Art. 9 Abs. 3 der Aarhus-Konvention
vom 25. Juni 1998 (SR 0.814.07) entgegenlaufen (a.a.O., S. 421 f.). (...)
Bereits ENRICO RIVA (Die Beschwerdebefugnis der Natur- und Heimatschutzvereinigungen im schweizerischen
Recht, 1980) gelangte zum Ergebnis, dass nach Wortlaut, Systematik, Entstehungsgeschichte sowie Sinn und Zweck der
Norm keine Anhaltspunkte für eine eingeschränkte Tragweite von Art. 12 NHG vorlägen (S. 90 f.), sondern sich der
Anwendungsbereich der Verbandsbeschwerde mit demjenigen von Art. 24sexies Abs. 2-4 aBV decke (a.a.O., S. 63 und
S. 87): Der Bund sei bei der Ausübung seiner Kompetenzen verpflichtet, Rücksicht auf die Interessen von Natur- und
Heimatschutz, einschliesslich dem Schutz der Tier- und Pflanzenwelt, zu nehmen, weshalb auch die
Verbandsbeschwerde in allen Bereichen zur Anwendung gelange, in denen dem Bund Kompetenzen zustünden (a.a.O.,
S. 88 f.). Zu verlangen sei lediglich, dass die angefochtenen, sich auf Bundesrecht stützenden Verfügungen
irgendwelche Auswirkungen auf die Belange von Natur- und Heimatschutz zeitigten (...) (a.a.O., S. 91, 100).
5.5 In der bundesgerichtlichen Rechtsprechung wurde die im Urteil A.269/1983 (vgl. oben E. 5.1) vertretene
Beschränkung auf feste Anlagen nicht mehr aufgegriffen. Auch das Kriterium der Raumbezogenheit wurde, soweit
ersichtlich, nicht mehr thematisiert. Soweit in verschiedenen Urteilen das Vorliegen einer "konkreten Bundesaufgabe"
verlangt wird, wird damit kein räumlicher Bezug, sondern ein Bezug der Bundesaufgabe zum Natur- und Heimatschutz
verlangt (vgl. BGE 139 II 271 E. 9.4 S. 275 mit Hinweisen).
BGE 144 II 218 S. 226
Dem Departement ist einzuräumen, dass fast alle bundesgerichtlichen Entscheide zu Art. 12 NHG Verfügungen mit
einem klaren lokalen, räumlich begrenzten Bezug betrafen. Dies gilt auch für den (von der Vorinstanz) zitierten
Entscheid BGE 125 II 29, da sich der Gifteinsatz zur Bekämpfung nicht einheimischer Krebse auf einen bestimmten
Weiher im Kanton Zürich beschränkte. Diesem Element wurde allerdings im bundesgerichtlichen Entscheid kein
Gewicht beigemessen: Dieser stellte ausschliesslich darauf ab, dass die umstrittene Massnahme im Interesse des
Artenschutzes und damit in Erfüllung einer Bundesaufgabe im Sinne von Art. 24sexies aBV getroffen worden war (E. 1b
S. 32 f.).
Unklar war die räumliche Begrenzung dagegen im Fall BGE 141 II 233, wo es um Abschussanordnungen des Berner
Jagdinspektorats "betreffend Graureiher und Gänsesäger an der Schüss wie auch an anderen Gewässern" ging. Streitig
war, ob solche Anordnungen den Naturschutzverbänden in Form einer anfechtbaren Verfügung zu eröffnen seien. Das
Bundesgericht bejahte dies, ohne näher zu prüfen, ob sich die Abschussanordnung auf einen geografisch abgegrenzten
Raum bezog. (...) (E. 4.2.3 S. 239). (...)
5.6 Das Departement beruft sich auf das Urteil des Bundesverwaltungsgerichts A-1187/2011 vom 29. März 2012 zur
Verbandsbeschwerde gegen die Errichtung eines Flugbeschränkungsgebiets für Flugtrainings der Armee. Es ging somit
um flugsicherungstechnische Massnahmen für ein bestimmtes Gebiet ohne Zusammenhang mit baulichen Einrichtungen
oder physischen Eingriffen.
Das Bundesverwaltungsgericht schloss sich (a.a.O. in E. 4.1) der Auffassung von DAJCAR an, wonach in einem
Sachbereich, in dem eine umfassende Bundeskompetenz bestehe, immer eine Erfüllung von Bundesaufgaben vorliege.
(...) Zu verlangen sei weiter, dass die fragliche Aktivität tatsächlich mit gewissen Auswirkungen auf die Natur und das
Landschaftsbild verbunden sein könne (potenzielle Betroffenheit), da andernfalls die Schutznormen des NHG für den
Entscheid der Behörde von vornherein nicht einschlägig seien (E. 4.2).
Das nach ZUFFEREY erforderliche Kriterium der Raumrelevanz erwähnte das Bundesverwaltungsgericht (a.a.O. in E.
4.1), allerdings nur um festzuhalten, dass auch dieses keine äusserliche oder dauernde Veränderung eines Gebiets
erfordere, sondern nur einen gewissen Einfluss auf einen lokal begrenzten Raum. Da dieses Kriterium klar erfüllt war,
bestand für das Gericht keine Veranlassung, sich näher damit auseinanderzusetzen.
BGE 144 II 218 S. 227
6. Zusammenfassend kann festgehalten werden, dass das Element der Raumrelevanz in der bundesgerichtlichen
Rechtsprechung keine Rolle spielt; der Entscheid A.269/1983 steht insoweit allein. Es handelt sich um ein Kriterium,
das in der Literatur z.T. postuliert, aber nicht näher begründet wird. Wie im Folgenden darzulegen sein wird, gibt es
weder im Wortlaut, noch in der Entstehungsgeschichte der Norm, noch nach deren Sinn und Zweck Anhaltspunkte für
eine derartige Beschränkung.
6.1 Art. 12 NHG bezog sich in der am 1. Januar 1967 in Kraft getretenen ursprünglichen Fassung (AS 1966 1645) auf
alle kantonalen Verfügungen und Verfügungen von Bundesbehörden, gegen welche die Beschwerde an den Bundesrat
oder die Verwaltungsgerichtsbeschwerde an das Bundesgericht zulässig war, d.h. auf alle Verfügungen nach Art. 5
VwVG (SR 172.021). Diese Formulierung wurde mit der Totalrevision der Bundesrechtspflege angepasst und bezog
sich neu auf kantonale Verfügungen oder Verfügungen von Bundesbehörden, "gen die letztinstanzlich die Beschwerde
an das Bundesverwaltungsgericht oder an das Bundesgericht zulässig ist" (AS 2006 2197 ff., S. 2251 Nr. 43; vgl. dazu
Botschaft des Bundesrats vom 28. Februar 2001, BBl 2001 4429 Ziff. 30). Diese Umschreibung wurde in der
nachfolgenden Revision vereinfacht (Änderung vom 20. Dezember 2006, AS 2007 2701 ff., S. 2705); sie umfasst
nunmehr "Verfügungen der kantonalen Behörden oder der Bundesbehörden" (...).
Anknüpfungspunkt für die Verbandsbeschwerde ist somit in erster Linie das Vorliegen einer Verfügung. Dies setzt
begrifflich eine konkrete Anordnung voraus (Einzel- oder Allgemeinverfügung), d.h. die Regelung eines konkreten Falls
oder einer konkreten Fallgruppe. In der Regel wird sich diese auf eine bestimmte örtliche Situation beziehen; eine
konkrete Anordnung kann aber auch in anderen Fällen vorliegen, z.B. wenn sich die Regelung auf ein bestimmtes
Produkt bezieht.
Wie das Bundesverwaltungsgericht ausführlich dargelegt hat, stellte sich die Frage der Verbandsbeschwerde gegen die
Zulassung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln bis Mitte der 90er Jahre nur in Ausnahmefällen, weil diese regelmässig als
landwirtschaftliche Hilfsstoffe in der Form eines Rechtssatzes zugelassen wurden (gemäss Art. 71 des
Landwirtschaftsgesetzes vom 3. Oktober 1951 [aLwG; AS 1953 1073]). Nachheutigem Recht erfolgt die Zulassung
eines Pflanzenschutzmittels indessen durch eine Verfügung des BLW, in der Regel in Form einer Einzelbewilligung
(Art. 15 lit. a PSMV) und ansonsten in Form
BGE 144 II 218 S. 228
einer Allgemeinverfügung (Art. 15 lit. b PSMV). Die Bewilligung gilt für ein Pflanzenschutzmittel in einer bestimmten
Zusammensetzung, mit einem bestimmten Handelsnamen, für bestimmte Verwendungszwecke und einer
bestimmtenHerstellerin(Art. 14 Abs. 3 PSMV).Diese Bewilligung, wie auch ihr Widerruf oder ihre Änderung im
Überprüfungsverfahren, sind daher unstreitig als Verfügungen zu qualifizieren.
6.2 Aus den Materialien zum NHG ergibt sich, dass das Beschwerderecht der Natur- und Heimatschutzverbände
zusammen mit den übrigen Bestimmungen des ersten Abschnitts ein aufeinander abgestimmtes Ganzes bildet (Botschaft
des Bundesrates zum Entwurf eines Bundesgesetzes über den Natur- und Heimatschutz vom 12. November 1965, BBl
1965 III S. 94), und der Gesetzgeber mit dieser Regelung die durch den neuen Verfassungsartikel (Art. 24sexies aBV)
geschaffenen Möglichkeiten voll ausschöpfen wollte (BBl 1965 III 92 f.; Hervorhebung im Original):
"Ein Grundsatz wies bei der Ausarbeitung des Gesetzesentwurfes von Anfang an den Weg: Die durch den neuen
Verfassungsartikel geschaffenen Möglichkeiten, auf Bundesebene unsere Heimat in ihrer natürlichen Schönheit und
ihrer geschichtlich gewachsenen Eigenart zu schützen und zu erhalten, sollten voll ausgeschöpft werden, soweit dies mit
einer rechtlich zu verantwortenden Auslegung vereinbar war. Hiefür sprachen drei Gründe: Einmal war Artikel 24sexies
der Bundesverfassung bewusst mit grosser Zurückhaltung formuliert worden, weil der Bund - mit Rücksicht auf den
überlieferten föderalistischen Aufbau unseres Staates - so wenig als möglich in die Zuständigkeit der Kantone eingreifen
wollte (Art. 24sexies Abs. 1 BV). Ein zurückhaltend formulierter Verfassungsartikel darf aber nicht noch einschränkend
ausgelegt werden, wenn er seiner Wirksamkeit nicht völlig entkleidet werden soll. Zum gleichen Schluss führt uns auch
die starke Annahme der Verfassungsvorlage mit einem Volksmehr von rund 4 : 1 und allen Standesstimmen. Darin lag
ein eindrücklicher Auftrag an den Gesetzgeber, seine Aufgabe mit Entschlossenheit und Konsequenz anzupacken.
Schliesslich zwingt ihn hiezu die ständig zunehmende Dringlichkeit der Aufgabe: Die stürmische Entwicklung von
Wirtschaft, Technik und Verkehr bedroht das Antlitz unserer Heimat jeden Tag stärker; sie lässt beim Schaffen von
gesetzlichen Abwehrmitteln keine Zaghaftigkeit mehr zu."
Bereits in der Botschaft zu Art. 24sexies BV vom 19. Mai 1961 (BBl 1961 I 1093 ff., S. 1111) hatte der Bundesrat den
umfassenden Charakter des Auftrags zur Erhaltung und Schonung von Natur und Landschaft und dessen
Rechtsverbindlichkeit hervorgehoben:
"Es ist sodann nicht einzusehen, weshalb der Bund nur auf einzelnen Sachgebieten durch in Bundesgesetzen enthaltene
Natur- und
BGE 144 II 218 S. 229
Heimatschutzbestimmungen zur Schonung von Natur und Landschaft ausdrücklich verpflichtet sein soll, auf anderen
Sachgebieten dagegen nicht. In dieser Beziehung schliesst der vorgeschlagene Absatz 2 zweifellos eine empfindliche
Lücke, indem er die Beachtung des allgemeinen staatlichen Ziels des Schutzes von Natur und Heimat zur verbindlichen
Bundespflicht erklärt. Absatz 2 ist demnach nicht eine blosse Programmbestimmung, sondern eine Norm mit
rechtsverbindlichem Inhalt. Die Rechtsverbindlichkeit wird sich darin auswirken, dass der Bund in allen seinen
zukünftigen Erlassen und bei sämtlichen in seine Kompetenz fallenden Massnahmen die Interessen des Natur- und
Heimatschutzes zu berücksichtigen hat."
Dies spricht für eine umfassende Zulassung der Verbandsbeschwerde im Bereich der bundesrechtlichen
Zuständigkeiten, ohne Einschränkung auf raumbezogene Verfügungen.
6.3 Auch Sinn und Zweck der Verbandsbeschwerde sprechen gegen eine solche Einschränkung. Zwar steht diese nur
gegen Verfügungen offen, die sich (potenziell) negativ auf Natur und Landschaft auswirken können. Dies ist
typischerweise der Fall bei Anordnungen, die einen bestimmten, lokal begrenzten Raum betreffen. Denkbar sind aber
auch Verfügungen ohne Beschränkung auf einen bestimmten, geografisch abgegrenzten Raum, die Schutzgüter des
NHG tangieren, z.B. im Bereich des Artenschutzes oder beim Schutz beweglicher Naturobjekte und Kulturgüter (vgl.
RAUSCH/MARTI/GRIFFEL, Umweltrecht: ein Lehrbuch, 2004, N. 494 f. S. 164). Es ist kein Grund ersichtlich, diese
vom Anwendungsbereich der Verbandsbeschwerde auszunehmen, wie gerade der vorliegend streitige Fall belegt:
Da ein zugelassenes Pflanzenschutzmittel ohne weitere Bewilligung eingesetzt werden kann, müssen die potenziellen
Auswirkungen auf schützenswerte Tier- und Pflanzenarten, die biologische Vielfalt und das Ökosystem schon im
Zulassungsverfahren geprüft und vorsorglich begrenzt werden, sei es durch die Verweigerung bzw. den Widerruf der
Bewilligung, sei es durch einschränkende Vorgaben zu Verwendungsart, -zeit und -ort. Der Zulassungsentscheid ist
darauf ausgerichtet, dass die zugelassenen Pflanzenmittel in der Landwirtschaft verwendet und damit Stoffe mit einem
potenziell erheblichen Schädigungspotenzial freigesetzt werden. Dabei beschränken sich die Auswirkungen nicht von
vornherein auf bestimmte Gebiete, sondern können Böden, Gewässer und Lebensräume in der ganzen Schweiz
betreffen. Dies verstärkt jedoch nur das Schutzbedürfnis und spricht somit nicht gegen, sondern für die Zulassung der
Verbandsbeschwerde. Wie die ausdrückliche Vorschrift in Art. 18 Abs. 2 NHG zeigt, gehört der vorsorgliche Schutz
von Tieren und Pflanzen gegen
BGE 144 II 218 S. 230
Giftstoffe bei der Schädlingsbekämpfung zu den zentralen Anliegen des NHG. Der Ausschluss der
Verbandsbeschwerde in diesem Bereich würde damit den Intentionen des Gesetzgebers klar widersprechen.
7. Das Departement macht weiter geltend, die gezielte Überprüfung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln erfolge in aufwändigen
Verfahren, die rund eineinhalb Jahre dauerten. Die Zulassung von Umwelt- und Naturschutzorganisationen zu diesen
Verfahren würde das an der EU orientierte Wirkstoffüberprüfungsverfahren beeinträchtigen bzw. in erheblichem Masse
verzögern. Dies hätte zur Folge, dass die neusten Erkenntnisse betreffend die einzelnen Wirkstoffe nicht so zeitnah
umgesetzt werden könnten, wie dies der Schutz von Gesundheit, Mensch und Tier erfordere. Weiter könnte dadurch
dem Naturschutz im Vergleich zu den übrigen Schutzgütern (Grundwasser-, Konsumenten-, Anwender- und
Arbeiterschutz) ein übermässiges Gewicht verliehen werden. Schliesslich würde ein Präjudiz geschaffen für
verschiedene weitere Zulassungsverfahren betreffend Pflanzenschutzmittel, Biozide, Arzneimittel, etc. Eine derartige
massive Ausweitung des Verbandsbeschwerderechts bedürfte unbedingt einer demokratischen Legitimierung.
Diese Einwände sind unbehelflich:
Das BLW kann unnötige Beweisanträge der Verbände ablehnen und das Verfahren durch Fristansetzung für
Stellungnahmen straff führen. Im Übrigen haben die Verbände kein Interesse an der Verschleppung von
Überprüfungsverfahren und werden sich der Umsetzung von neuen Erkenntnissen zum Schutz von Gesundheit, Natur
und Umwelt kaum widersetzen, sondern allenfalls die Prüfung von weitergehenderen Massnahmen beantragen. Dies
kann u.U. in ein zweites, nachgelagertes Verfahren verschoben werden; in dringenden Fällen können auch vorsorgliche
Massnahmen während laufendem Verfahren angeordnet werden (Art. 3a PSMV).
Es entspricht einem bewussten Entscheid des Gesetzgebers, die Verbandsbeschwerde nur für die Interessen des
Naturschutzes zuzulassen, um der "sprachlosen" Natur gebührende Berücksichtigung gegenüber den - i.d.R.
durchschlagskräftigeren - Nutzinteressen zu verschaffen (ALAIN GRIFFEL, Das Verbandsbeschwerderecht im
Brennpunkt zwischen Nutz- und Schutzinteressen, URP 2006 S. 95 ff., 105). Die Zulassung der Verbandsbeschwerde
zur Durchsetzung anderer Interessen bedürfte einer gesetzlichen Grundlage.
BGE 144 II 218 S. 231
Vorliegend geht es indessen nicht um eine Ausweitung des Verbandsbeschwerderechts, sondern um dessen korrekte
Anwendung. Wie dargelegt, steht den Naturschutzverbänden im Verfahren der Überprüfung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln
die Beschwerdebefugnis nach Art. 12 NHG zu. Ob dies auch für die anderen vom Departement erwähnten Verfahren
gilt, ist hier nicht zu entscheiden.
Ist die Verbandsbeschwerde bereits nach Art. 12 NHG gegeben, erübrigen sich weitere Ausführungen zur Aarhus-
Konvention (vgl. dazu ausführlich BGE 141 II 233 E. 4.3 S. 240 ff.).
100.2016.271
1. Pro Natura – Schweizerischer Bund für Naturschutz, Verein
2. Pro Natura Bern, Verein
3. Stiftung Landschaftsschutz Schweiz,
4. Schweizer Vogelschutz SVS/BirdLife Schweiz, Verein
5. WWF Schweiz, Verein
alle handelnd durch ihre statutarischen Organe und vertreten durch Rechtsanwalt …
Beschwerdeführende
Kanton Bern
handelnd durch den Regierungsrat, vertreten durch die Justiz-, Gemeinde- und Kirchendirektion, Münstergasse 2,
3011 Bern
Beschwerdegegner
betreffend Camping Fanel in Gampelen; Verlängerung der Verträge (Beschluss des Regierungsrats des Kantons
Bern vom 24. August 2016; RRB 914/2016)
Sachverhalt:
A.
Der Verein A.________ betreibt seit den 1950er Jahren einen Campingplatz auf den Parzellen Gampelen Gbbl. Nrn.
1___ und 2___, die dem Kanton Bern gehören. Die Grundstücke befinden sich in nationalen und kantonalen
Schutzgebieten. Für die als Campingplatz genutzte Fläche hat der Kanton Bern mit dem Verein A.________ fünf
Mietverträge abgeschlossen, die bis Ende 2018 befristet sind. Mit Beschluss vom 24. August 2016 hat der
Regierungsrat das Amt für Grundstücke und Gebäude des Kantons Bern (AGG) ermächtigt, die Vereinbarungen
mit dem Verein A.________ zu verlängern, unter Berücksichtigung von Auflagen betreffend die Schutzgebiete.
B.
Am 21. September 2016 haben Pro Natura – Schweizerischer Bund für Naturschutz, Pro Natura Bern, die Stiftung
Landschaftsschutz Schweiz, der Schweizer Vogelschutz SVS/BirdLife Schweiz und der WWF Schweiz beim
Verwaltungsgericht Beschwerde erhoben mit folgenden Rechtsbegehren (Verfahren 100.2016.271):
«1. Der angefochtene Regierungsratsbeschluss vom 24. August 2016 […] sei aufzuheben und es sei dem
Beschwerdegegner [Kanton Bern] zu verbieten, mit dem Verein A.________ oder mit Dritten neue oder geänderte
Verträge zu schliessen, die eine Nutzung des Campingplatzes ‹Fanel› in Gampelen über den 31. Dezember 2018
hinaus ermöglichen.
2. Eventuell sei der Regierungsratsbeschluss vom 24. August 2016 […] aufzuheben und die Sache zur ordentlichen
Fortsetzung des Verfahrens an die Vorinstanz (= Beschwerdegegner) zurück zu weisen.
3. Unter Kosten- und Entschädigungsfolgen zu Lasten des Beschwerdegegners.»
Am 26. September 2016 hat das Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU) ebenfalls Verwaltungsgerichtsbeschwerde
erhoben mit dem Antrag, der Beschluss des Regierungsrats betreffend die Verlängerung der Verträge mit dem
Verein A.________ zum Campingplatz Fanel in Gampelen sei unter Kostenfolge aufzuheben (Verfahren
100.2016.277).
Der Kanton Bern beantragt mit Beschwerdeantworten vom 23. bzw. 25. November 2016, die Beschwerden seien
kostenfällig abzuweisen, soweit darauf einzutreten sei. Eventuell sei der angefochtene Beschluss aufzuheben und
die Sache zur Neubeurteilung an die zuständige Instanz zurückzuweisen. Der Kanton Bern stellt zudem die
prozessualen Anträge, der Verein A.________ sei zu den Verfahren beizuladen und die Verfahren seien auf die
Frage zu beschränken, ob eine öffentlich-rechtliche Streitigkeit vorliege.
Wie vom Kanton Bern ebenfalls beantragt, hat der Abteilungspräsident mit Verfügung vom 29. November 2016
die Beschwerdeverfahren vereinigt.
Erwägungen:
1.
1.1 Das Verwaltungsgericht beurteilt gemäss Art. 74 Abs. 1 des Gesetzes vom 23. Mai 1989 über die
Verwaltungsrechtspflege (VRPG; BSG 155.21) als letzte kantonale Instanz Beschwerden gegen Verfügungen und
Entscheide, die sich auf öffentliches Recht stützen. Es beurteilt ferner kantonal letztinstanzlich Beschwerden
betreffend kantonale Wahl- und Abstimmungssachen nach den Vorschriften des Gesetzes vom 5. Juni 2012 über
die politischen Rechte (PRG; BSG 141.1) sowie betreffend kommunale Erlasse, Wahl- und Abstimmungssachen
sowie (weitere) kommunale Beschlüsse (Art. 74 Abs. 2 VRPG).
1.2 Die Beschwerden richten sich gegen den Beschluss vom 24. August 2016, mit dem der Regierungsrat das
AGG ermächtigt hat, die Mietverträge mit dem Verein A.________ betreffend den Campingplatz Fanel in
Gampelen zu verlängern. In der Sache geht es damit weder um eine kantonale Wahl- oder Abstimmungssache
noch um eine kommunale Angelegenheit. Der Beschluss des Regierungsrats ist folglich mit
Verwaltungsgerichtsbeschwerde anfechtbar, wenn es sich bei der strittigen Anordnung um eine Verfügung bzw.
einen Entscheid handelt. Nur in diesem Fall steht die nachträgliche Verwaltungsrechtspflege offen. Ob ein
taugliches Anfechtungsobjekt vorliegt, prüft das Verwaltungsgericht von Amtes wegen (Art. 20a VRPG; statt vieler
BVR 2013 S. 301 E. 1.1 mit Hinweisen).
1.3 Der Kanton Bern stellt sich auf den Standpunkt, er habe als Grundeigentümer der beiden streitbetroffenen
Parzellen Nrn. 1___ und 2___ auf der Grundlage des Privatrechts gehandelt. Die Absicht, mit dem Verein
A.________ privatrechtliche Verträge zu schliessen, stelle keine Verfügung dar, die sich auf öffentliches Recht
stütze. Die Umweltverbände gehen demgegenüber davon aus, der Beschluss hätte in Anwendung von
Bundesverwaltungsrecht ergehen müssen und sei daher ungeachtet seiner Rechtsform gestützt auf bundes- und
konventionsrechtliche Bestimmungen anfechtbar. Sie beziehen sich dabei namentlich auf das Bundesgesetz vom
1. Juli 1966 über den Natur- und Heimatschutz (NHG; SR 451) mit seinen Ausführungserlassen sowie auf das
Bundesgesetz vom 4. Oktober 1991 über den Wald (Waldgesetz, WaG; SR 921.0). Nach Ansicht des BAFU stellt
der Beschluss über die Vertragsverlängerung einen «bewilligungsähnlichen Verfügungstatbestand» dar, der in
Anwendung von Bundesumweltrecht ergangen sei bzw. hätte ergehen müssen. Der Kanton habe mit dem
Beschluss deshalb eine beschwerdefähige Verfügung erlassen.
1.4 Soweit dem angefochtenen Beschluss Verfügungscharakter zukommt, sind sich die Parteien einig, dass die
Umweltverbände im Verfahren 100.2016.271 zur Beschwerde befugt sind (sog. ideelle Verbandsbeschwerde). Für
die Beschwerdeführenden 1, 3, 4 und 5 ergibt sich dies aus Art. 79 Abs. 2 VRPG i.V.m. Art. 12 Abs. 1 Bst. b NHG
und Art. 1 i.V.m. Anhang Ziff. 3, 4, 6 und 13 der Verordnung vom 27. Juni 1990 über die Bezeichnung der im
Bereich des Umweltschutzes sowie des Natur- und Heimatschutzes beschwerdeberechtigten Organisationen
[VBO; SR 814.076]), für den Beschwerdeführer 2 aus Art. 79 Abs. 2 VRPG i.V.m. Art. 61 des kantonalen
Naturschutzgesetzes vom 15. September 1992 (nachfolgend: NSchG; BSG 426.11) und Art. 40a, 35a und 35c Abs.
3 des Baugesetzes vom 9. Juni 1985 (BauG; BSG 721.0). Das im Verfahren 100.2016.277 als Beschwerdeführer
auftretende BAFU ist gemäss Art. 79 Abs. 2 VRPG i.V.m. Art. 12g Abs. 2 NHG und Art. 23 Abs. 1 Bst. a der
Verordnung vom 16. Januar 1991 über den Natur- und Heimatschutz (NHV; SR 451.1) von Gesetzes wegen zur
Beschwerde befugt (sog. Behördenbeschwerde).
1.5 Ob eine anfechtbare Verfügung bzw. ein Entscheid gegeben ist, hängt unter anderem, aber nicht
ausschliesslich davon ab, ob sich der Beschluss des Regierungsrats auf öffentliches Recht stützt. Eine
Beschränkung des Verfahrens auf die Frage, ob eine öffentlich-rechtliche Streitigkeit vorliegt, ist bei dieser
Ausgangslage wenig zielführend und insbesondere aus prozessökonomischer Sicht nicht sinnvoll. Der
entsprechende Verfahrensantrag des Kantons wird daher abgewiesen.
1.6 Das Gleiche gilt für den Antrag des Kantons, der Verein A.________ sei zum Verfahren beizuladen. Nach Art. 14
Abs. 1 VRPG lädt die instruierende Behörde Dritte von Amtes wegen oder auf Antrag zum Verfahren bei, wenn
deren schutzwürdige Interessen durch die Verfügung oder den Entscheid betroffen werden; dadurch wird die
Verfügung oder der Entscheid auch für die Beigeladenen verbindlich. Die Beiladung kann nicht nur von der
beizuladenden Drittperson, sondern auch von einer (Haupt-)Partei des hängigen Verfahrens beantragt werden
(Markus Müller, Bernische Verwaltungsrechtspflege, 2. Aufl. 2011, S. 44; Fritz Gygi,
Bundesverwaltungsrechtspflege, 2. Aufl. 1983, S. 184). Wer ein solches Begehren stellt, hat jedoch aufzuzeigen
und zu substanziieren, weshalb die Beteiligung der oder des Dritten als Nebenpartei (auch) im eigenen
schutzwürdigen Interesse liegt (vgl. Gygi/Stucki, Handkommentar zum VRPG 1961, 1962, Art. 29 N. 1; ferner auch
Melchior Volz, in Zünd/Pfiffner [Hrsg.], Kommentar zum Gesetz über das Sozialversicherungsgericht des Kantons
Zürich, 2. Aufl. 2009, § 14 N. 10; Felix M. Huber, Die Beiladung insbesondere im Zürcher
Baubewilligungsverfahren, in ZBl 1989 S. 233 ff., 262). Das Beiladungsinteresse ist stets ein rechtliches, wobei im
Unterschied zur Hauptpartei ein bloss indirektes bzw. mittelbares Betroffensein erforderlich ist (BVR 2008 S. 396
E. 2.5.1, 2007 S. 562 E. 1.3 mit Hinweisen). Der Ausgang der verwaltungsgerichtlichen Verfahren könnte
Auswirkungen auf die (privatrechtliche) Rechtsbeziehung zwischen dem Kanton und dem Verein A.________
haben; so gesehen ist nicht ausgeschlossen, dass Letzterer die Voraussetzungen für eine Beiladung erfüllt.
Allerdings begründet der Kanton die Verfahrensbeteiligung des Vereins A.________ nicht mit eigenen
schutzwürdigen Interessen. Indem er ausführt, der angestrebte Abschluss der Verträge über den Weiterbetrieb
des Campingplatzes könnte je nach Prozessausgang verhindert bzw. verzögert werden und der Verein A.________
damit in seinen geschäftspolitischen und finanziellen Interessen treffen, macht er ausschliesslich Interessen des
beizuladenden Dritten geltend. Für eine Beiladung besteht daher kein Anlass, zumal der Verein A.________ selber
kein entsprechendes Begehren gestellt hat.
2.
2.1 Der bernische Gesetzgeber hat die Verfügung nicht näher umschrieben, sondern die Konkretisierung dieses
Begriffs der Rechtsprechung überlassen, welche sich an die Definition in Art. 5 Abs. 1 des Bundesgesetzes vom
20. Dezember 1968 über das Verwaltungsverfahren (Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz, VwVG; SR 172.021) anlehnt.
Als Verfügung gilt danach ein individueller, an die Einzelne oder den Einzelnen gerichteter Hoheitsakt, durch den
eine konkrete verwaltungsrechtliche Rechtsbeziehung in verbindlicher und erzwingbarer Weise geregelt wird.
Werden durch eine Anordnung oder einen Beschluss einer Behörde keine individuellen Rechte oder Pflichten
gestaltend oder feststellend geregelt bzw. werden keine Rechtsfolgen verbindlich festgelegt, mangelt es an
einem wesentlichen Verfügungselement (vgl. BGE 135 II 38 E. 4.3; BVR 2015 S. 263 E. 1.4, 2013 S. 423 E. 2.2, je mit
weiteren Hinweisen; Merkli/Aeschlimann/Herzog, Kommentar zum bernischen VRPG, 1997, Art. 49 N. 8). Der
Entscheid weist die gleichen Elemente wie eine Verfügung auf und ist dieser gleichgestellt, bezeichnet aber eine
oberinstanzliche Streiterledigung (Merkli/Aeschlimann/Herzog, a.a.O., Art. 74 N. 2).
2.2 Mit dem angefochtenen Beschluss ermächtigt der Regierungsrat das AGG, die bestehenden Verträge mit
dem Verein A.________ zu verlängern. Zur Diskussion steht damit eine verwaltungsinterne Anordnung, welche in
die Abgabe einer rechtsgeschäftlichen Willenserklärung für den Kanton mündet (Vertragsschluss mit einem
Dritten). Nach herkömmlicher Auffassung handelt es sich bei solchen behördlichen Parteierklärungen nicht um
eine Verfügung, da keine Rechte und Pflichten einseitig verbindlich, mithin autoritativ, geregelt werden. Auf
kommunaler Ebene ist in einem solchen Fall nach der Rechtsprechung des Verwaltungsgerichts daher nicht von
einer Verfügung, sondern von einem (weiteren) Beschluss im Sinn von Art. 60 Abs. 1 Bst. b Ziff. 3 VRPG
auszugehen, und zwar unabhängig davon, ob der abzuschliessende Vertrag dem öffentlichen Recht oder dem
Zivilrecht zuzuordnen ist (BVR 2013 S. 521 E. 3.1, bestätigt mit BVR 2016 S. 15 E. 4.1; zum Begriff des Beschlusses
Markus Müller, a.a.O., S. 146). Auf kantonaler Ebene fehlt der Beschluss ohne Verfügungscharakter allerdings als
Anfechtungsobjekt; insoweit ist der Rechtsschutz gegen Akte der Gemeinden besser ausgestaltet als gegen
solche des Kantons. Geht es um Handlungen kantonaler Organe, die nicht Stimmrechtsangelegenheiten
betreffen, ist die Verfügung nach wie vor zentrale Voraussetzung für die nachträgliche Verwaltungsrechtspflege
(vgl. dazu Michel Daum, Die bernische Verwaltungsrechtspflege im Jahr 2009 – ein Rück- und Ausblick, in
Herzog/Feller [Hrsg.], Bernische Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeit in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 2010, S. 229 ff., 248 ff.,
insb. S. 253; ferner auch Markus Müller, a.a.O., S. 146 f.).
2.3 Für die Beurteilung, ob eine beanstandete Handlung als anfechtbarer Hoheitsakt einzustufen ist, ist nach
höchstrichterlicher Rechtsprechung auch zu berücksichtigen, wieweit das betreffende Verhalten geeignet ist,
Grundrechte oder andere Rechtsschutzbedürfnisse zu verletzen. Insoweit zieht das Bundesgericht zur
Beantwortung der Frage, ob eine Verfügung im Sinn von Art. 5 VwVG zu bejahen ist, das konkrete Bedürfnis
nach (gerichtlicher) Kontrolle heran (vgl. allgemein BVR 2000 S. 375 E. 1c; Merkli/Aeschlimann/Herzog, a.a.O., Art.
49 N. 2; Häfelin/Müller/Uhlmann, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, 7. Aufl. 2016, N. 851). Eine derart weite
Auslegung des Verfügungsbegriffs kann jedoch von vornherein nur dann zum Zug kommen, wenn nicht auf
andere Weise Rechtsschutz möglich ist (zum Ganzen BVR 2013 S. 423 E. 2.4 mit weiteren Hinweisen).
2.4 Die Betonung des Rechtsschutzbedürfnisses als entscheidendes Kriterium für den Verfügungsbegriff wird in
der Lehre zum Teil kritisch gesehen (vgl. z.B. Tschannen/Zimmerli/Müller, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, 4. Aufl.
2014, § 28 N. 46). Sie wird insbesondere aus der allgemeinen Rechtsweggarantie von Art. 29a der
Bundesverfassung (BV; SR 101) hergeleitet (vgl. etwa BGer 2C_423/2012 vom 9.12.2012, in ASA 81 S. 588 E. 3.5).
Eine «Rechtsstreitigkeit» im Sinn dieser verfassungsrechtlichen Garantie liegt vor bei Streitigkeiten, die im
Zusammenhang mit einer individuellen, schützenswerten Rechtsposition stehen (BGE 143 I 336 E. 4.1, 140 II 315 E.
4.4; neuestens BGer 2C_327/2017 vom 12.9.2017 E. 5.1). Eine solche Rechtsposition steht im vorliegenden Fall
zwar nicht zur Diskussion, wehren sich doch die Umweltverbände und das BAFU nicht für eigene Rechte, sondern
– entsprechend der Funktion ihrer jeweiligen Beschwerderechte – für die Durchsetzung von Natur- und
Landschaftsschutzrecht des Bundes bzw. für die richtige Anwendung der betreffenden bundesrechtlichen
Normen (vgl. Peter M. Keller, in Keller/Zufferey/Fahrländer [Hrsg.], Kommentar NHG, 1997 [nachfolgend:
Kommentar NHG], Art. 12 N. 8 und 19 bzw. Art. 12b N. 5). Rechtsschutzbedürfnisse können jedoch auch
anderweitig – mithin ausserhalb des Anwendungsbereichs von Art. 29a BV – bestehen.
2.5 Das ideelle Verbandsbeschwerderecht steht gemäss Art. 12 Abs. 1 NHG gegen Verfügungen der kantonalen
Behörden und der Bundesbehörden offen. Gemeint sind damit grundsätzlich Verfügungen im Sinn von Art. 5
VwVG (vgl. Peter M. Keller, in Kommentar NHG, Art. 12 N. 3; Keller/Thurnherr, Verbandsbeschwerde im
Kreuzfeuer der Kritik, in Schmid/Seiler [Hrsg.], Recht des ländlichen Raums, Festschrift für Paul Richli zum 60.
Geburtstag, 2006, S. 283 ff., 294 und 300). Die Rechtsprechung hat das zulässige Anfechtungsobjekt allerdings
zum Teil weiter gefasst und auf Akte ausgedehnt, die nicht ohne weiteres als Verfügungen qualifiziert werden
können (vgl. dazu Rausch/Marti/Griffel, Umweltrecht, 2004, S. 264 f. N. 815 ff.). Nach der neueren
bundesgerichtlichen Rechtsprechung ergibt sich aus Art. 12 NHG, dass Vorkehren staatlicher Stellen oder von
Privaten, die ein Schutzziel des NHG beeinträchtigen könnten, in Verfügungsform zu ergehen haben, was erst
eine effektive Ausübung des Verbandsbeschwerderechts ermögliche (BGE 141 II 233 E. 4.2.3). Damit hat das
Bundesgericht unter anderem dem Übereinkommen vom 25. Juni 1998 über den Zugang zu Informationen, die
Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung an Entscheidungsverfahren und den Zugang zu Gerichten in Umweltangelegenheiten
(Aarhus-Konvention; SR 0.814.07) Rechnung getragen, das am 1. Juni 2014 für die Schweiz in Kraft getreten ist.
Gemäss Art. 9 Abs. 3 der Aarhus-Konvention stellen die Vertragsstaaten sicher, dass umweltrechtlich relevante
«actes et omissions des particuliers ou d'autorités publiques» (von Privatpersonen und Behörden vorgenommene
Handlungen und begangene Unterlassungen) gerichtlich angefochten werden können. Das konventionsrechtlich
definierte Anfechtungsobjekt «actes et omissions» (Handlungen und Unterlassungen) beschränkt sich nicht auf
eine bestimmte umweltrechtsrelevante öffentlich-rechtliche Handlungsform gegenüber Privatpersonen (BGE 141 II
233 E. 4.3.3 und 4.3.5). Auf die Rechtsweggarantie gemäss Art. 9 Abs. 3 der Aarhus-Konvention können sich auch
private Organisationen berufen, die – als Repräsentantinnen der betroffenen Bevölkerung –
Umweltschutzanliegen verfolgen (Astrid Epiney, Rechtsprechung des EuGH zur Aarhus-Konvention und
Implikationen für die Schweiz, in AJP 2011 S. 1505 ff., 1506; zum Ganzen Daniela Thurnherr, Die Aarhus-
Konvention in der Rechtsprechung des Bundesgerichts und des Bundesverwaltungsgerichts – Eine Spurensuche,
in URP 2017 S. 510 ff., 515 ff.).
2.6 Mit dem vorstehend erwähnten Leiturteil BGE 141 II 233 hat das Bundesgericht gestützt auf Art. 12 NHG und
Art. 9 Abs. 3 der Aarhus-Konvention verwaltungsinterne Anweisungen betreffend den Abschuss geschützter
Vögel als Verfügung bezeichnet, da solche Anordnungen Schutzziele des NHG zu beeinträchtigen vermögen.
Die Ausdehnung des Verfügungsbegriffs auf verwaltungsinterne Akte ist in der Literatur zum Teil kritisiert worden;
ein Bedürfnis seitens der Umweltverbände, gegen solche Anordnungen vorgehen zu können und sie (gerichtlich)
überprüfen zu lassen, wird jedoch breit anerkannt (vgl. Markus Müller, in ZBl 2015 S. 446 ff.; Daniela Thurnheer, in
URP 2015 S. 296 ff.; Etienne Poltier, in RDAF 2016 I S. 318 f.; Julien Borlat, in Sicherheit & Recht 2015 S. 187 f.;
ferner auch Felix Uhlmann, Entwicklungen im Verwaltungsrecht, in SJZ 2016 S. 423 ff., 425 f.). Ob die
Umweltverbände im vorliegenden Fall ein hinreichendes Rechtsschutzbedürfnis zur Anfechtung des
Regierungsratsbeschlusses haben und auf welchem Weg der Rechtsschutz allenfalls gewährleistet werden muss,
ist in der Folge zu prüfen.
3.1 Nach Art. 18 Abs. 1 NHG ist dem Aussterben einheimischer Tier- und Pflanzenarten durch die Erhaltung
genügend grosser Lebensräume (Biotope) und andere geeignete Massnahmen entgegenzuwirken. Der
Bundesrat bezeichnet nach Anhören der Kantone die Biotope von nationaler Bedeutung. Er bestimmt die Lage
dieser Biotope und legt die Schutzziele fest. Die Kantone ordnen den Schutz und den Unterhalt der Biotope von
nationaler Bedeutung. Sie treffen rechtzeitig die zweckmässigen Massnahmen und sorgen für ihre Durchführung
(Art. 18a Abs. 1 und 2 NHG). Dies gilt gemäss Art. 23a NHG ebenfalls für den Schutz der Moore von besonderer
Schönheit und von nationaler Bedeutung. Die Kantone sorgen für Schutz und Unterhalt der Biotope von
regionaler und lokaler Bedeutung (Art. 18b Abs. 1 NHG). Ausserdem bezeichnet der Bundesrat unter
Berücksichtigung der bestehenden Besiedlung und Nutzung die schützenswerten Moorlandschaften von
besonderer Schönheit und von nationaler Bedeutung, und er bestimmt ihre Lage. Er arbeitet dabei eng mit den
Kantonen zusammen, welche ihrerseits die betroffenen Grundeigentümerinnen und Grundeigentümer anhören
(Art. 23b Abs. 3 NHG). Art. 23c Abs. 2 NHG verpflichtet die Kantone zu zweckmässigen Schutz- und
Unterhaltsmassnahmen für Moorlandschaften.
3.2 Die Parzellen Nrn. 1___ und 2___, auf denen sich der Campingplatz mit Badeplatz und Bootshafen befindet,
gehören zu mehreren Schutzgebieten für Biotope und Moorlandschaften sowie für weitere Schutzobjekte: Sie
liegen im Auengebiet von nationaler Bedeutung Nr. 209 «Seewald-Fanel» und in der Moorlandschaft Nr. 416
«Grande Cariçaie» (Art. 1 i.V.m. Anhang 1 der Verordnung vom 28. Oktober 1992 über den Schutz der
Auengebiete von nationaler Bedeutung [Auenverordnung, nachfolgend: AuenV; SR 451.31]; Art. 1 i.V.m. Anhang 1
der Verordnung vom 1. Mai 1996 über den Schutz der Moorlandschaften von besonderer Schönheit und von
nationaler Bedeutung [Moorlandschaftsverordnung, nachfolgend: MLV; SR 451.35]). Die Schilf- und Uferbereiche
vor dem Campingplatz, dem Badeplatz und dem Bootshafen gehören zum Flachmoor von nationaler Bedeutung
Nr. 2294 «Le Fanel» (Art. 1 i.V.m. Anhang 1 der Verordnung vom 7. September 1994 über den Schutz der
Flachmoore von nationaler Bedeutung [Flachmoorverordnung, nachfolgend: FMV; SR 451.33]). Die Parzellen
liegen zudem im Wasser- und Zugvogelreservat von internationaler Bedeutung Nr. 4 «Fanel-Chablais de
Cudrefin, Pointe de Marin» (Art. 1 i.V.m. Anhang 1 der Verordnung vom 21. Januar 1991 über die Wasser- und
Zugvogelreservate von internationaler und nationaler Bedeutung [WZVV; SR 922.32]), einem Schutzgebiet im
Sinn von Art. 11 des Bundesgesetzes vom 20. Juni 1986 über die Jagd und den Schutz wildlebender Säugetiere
und Vögel (Jagdgesetz, JSG; SR 922.0; vgl. Art. 18 Abs. 4 NHG), sowie im kantonalen Naturschutzgebiet «Fanel»
(RRB 1783 vom 14.3.1967). Sie gehören ferner zum Objekt Nr. 1208 «Rive sud du lac de Neuchâtel» des
Bundesinventars der Landschaften und Naturdenkmäler von nationaler Bedeutung (BLN), einem Inventar im Sinn
von Art. 5 NHG (Art. 1 i.V.m. Anhang 1 der Verordnung vom 29. März 2017 über das Bundesinventar der
Landschaften und Naturdenkmäler [VBLN; SR 451.11]). Die Parzelle Nr. 1___ liegt schliesslich vollständig im Wald.
3.3 Mehrere der genannten Inventarverordnungen des Bundes enthalten Bestimmungen zum Umgang mit
bestehenden Beeinträchtigungen. Sie verpflichten die Kantone, bestehende Beeinträchtigungen von Objekten bei
jeder sich bietenden Gelegenheit soweit als möglich zu beseitigen, zu beheben bzw. rückgängig zu machen (Art.
8 AuenV; Art. 8 FMV; Art. 8 MLV; Art. 7 Abs. 1 VBLN). Das kann etwa im Rahmen eines baubewilligungspflichtigen
Vorhabens geschehen, das ein Schutzobjekt betrifft (beispielhaft VGE 2012/463 vom 7.7.2014, in URP 2014 S. 668
E. 4.7 für Entfernungs- und Renaturierungsmassnahmen bei der Erstellung eines Rastplatzes in einem
Schutzgebiet von nationaler Bedeutung). Zu denken ist sodann an die Erneuerung der Konzession für ein
Wasserkraftwerk, die Verlängerung einer Kiesabbaubewilligung oder die Durchführung einer
Gewässerrevitalisierung (Peter M. Keller, Das heutige Naturschutzrecht – Systematik und gesetzgeberischer
Handlungsbedarf, in URP 2016 S. 155 ff. [nachfolgend: Naturschutzrecht], S. 171 mit Hinweis auf BGE 119 Ib 254 E.
10he [URP 1993 S. 403]). Im Fall der Erneuerung eines Wasserkraftwerks sind Regenerations- und
Aufwertungsmassnahmen des Biotopschutzes und des Moorlandschaftsschutzes von den Kantonen von Gesetzes
wegen zu prüfen und anzuordnen (Peter M. Keller, Referenzzustand bei Konzessionserneuerungen von
Wasserkraftwerken, Rechtsgutachten zu Handen des BAFU, 2016, S. 25 f. und 28 [einsehbar unter:
<http://www.bafu.admin.ch>, Rubriken «Themen», «UVP», «Rechtliche Grundlagen»]). Das muss auch für die
anderen Gelegenheiten im Sinn von Art. 8 bzw. 7 der genannten Verordnungen gelten. Der Gesetz- bzw.
Verordnungsgeber hat für die Sanierungsvorschriften der Inventarverordnungen aber weder ein
Vollzugsinstrumentarium noch eine verbindliche Endfrist für den Abschluss der Sanierungen festgelegt (Enrico
Riva, Wohlerworbene Rechte – Eigentum – Vertrauen, 2007, S. 148).
3.4 Das Beschwerderecht im Sinn von Art. 12 NHG setzt die Erfüllung einer Bundesaufgabe mit Bezug zum
Natur- und Heimatschutz voraus (BGE 139 II 271 E. 3; Peter M. Keller, in Kommentar NHG, Art. 12 N. 4; Daniela
Thurnherr, Bemerkungen zu BGE 142 II 509, in URP 2017 S. 7). Solche sind in Art. 2 NHG beispielhaft aufgezählt;
dazu gehört etwa die Erteilung einer Rodungsbewilligung (Art. 2 Abs. 1 Bst. b NHG). Dem Bund kommt für den
Naturschutz, d.h. den Biotop- und Artenschutz, sowie für den Schutz der Moorlandschaften von besonderer
Schönheit und von gesamtschweizerischer Bedeutung eine umfassende Rechtsetzungskompetenz zu (Art. 78
Abs. 4 und 5 BV; Peter M. Keller, Naturschutzrecht, S. 159 f. mit zahlreichen Hinweisen). Vor diesem Hintergrund
hat die Rechtsprechung den Begriff der Bundesaufgabe erweitert. So ist auch der Biotopschutz eine den
Kantonen übertragene Bundesaufgabe (BGE 133 II 220 E. 2.2). Dies gilt ebenfalls für den Schutz von Mooren und
Moorlandschaften von nationaler Bedeutung (BGE 138 II 281 E. 4.4). Allgemein erfüllen Kantone oder Gemeinden
eine Bundesaufgabe im erwähnten Sinn, wenn die betreffende Tätigkeit oder staatliche Aufsicht auf Bundesrecht
beruht, eine bestimmte Auswirkung auf Natur und Landschaft hat und die zur Anwendung kommende
Gesetzgebung zumindest auch den Schutz von Natur, Landschaft oder Heimat bezweckt (Jeannerat/Moor, in
Praxiskommentar RPG: Nutzungsplanung, 2016, Art. 17 N. 20). Nach der bundesgerichtlichen Rechtsprechung
sind die Natur- und Heimatschutzverbände daher beispielsweise zur Beschwerde gegen ordentliche
Baubewilligungen und Nutzungspläne befugt, die schutzwürdige Biotope berühren (BGE 139 II 271 E. 10.2).
3.5 Ermöglicht der Kanton die Weiterführung des Campingbetriebs, hat dies Auswirkungen auf die genannten
Schutzgebiete; es handelt sich damit um eine Bundesaufgabe. Der Kanton als Adressat der Bundesaufgabe ist
daher verpflichtet, die Bestimmungen des Bundesnatur- und -landschaftsschutzrechts zu beachten, auch wenn
sie seine eigenen Grundstücke betreffen; das NHG unterscheidet dabei nicht zwischen Verwaltungsvermögen
und Finanzvermögen. Es wäre inkonsequent, Land im Finanzvermögen auszunehmen, sind doch selbst
Privatgrundstücke von den Schutzwirkungen von Bestimmungen des Natur- und Landschaftsschutzes betroffen
(z.B. BGE 133 II 220 betreffend Biotopschutz; BGE 138 II 23 betreffend Moorlandschaftsschutz).
4.
4.1 Bei den Parzellen Nrn. 1___ und 2___ handelt es sich unbestrittenermassen zu einem grossen Teil um Wald
sowie ehemaliges Wiesland. Der Kanton Bern betrachtet die Grundstücke daher als Finanzvermögen; die
beschwerdeführenden Organisationen machen demgegenüber geltend, aufgrund der Zugehörigkeit zu den
nationalen Schutzgebieten dienten die Parzellen unmittelbar einer öffentlichen Aufgabe, dem Natur- und
Landschaftsschutz; sie müssten daher zum Verwaltungsvermögen gehören. Nach der (nicht unumstrittenen)
Rechtsprechung des Bundesgerichts gehören Wald und Weide grundsätzlich zum Finanzvermögen, der Vertrag
über solche Grundstücke ist zivilrechtlich (BGE 112 II 35 E. 2, 103 Ib 247 E. 3, 97 II 371 E. 3c; BGer 2C_614/2009
vom 20.1.2010 E. 5.2; André Werner Moser, Der öffentliche Grund und seine Benützung, Diss. Bern 2011, S. 13 mit
zahlreichen Hinweisen). Wie es sich damit verhält, muss hier nicht vertieft werden. Welcher Kategorie öffentlicher
Sachen die Parzellen zuzuordnen sind, ist ohne Belang für die Verpflichtungen, die sich aus dem Natur- und
Heimatschutzrecht ergeben; der Kanton hat sie namentlich auch dann zu erfüllen, wenn das Schutzobjekt
Grundstücke in seinem Finanzvermögen betrifft (vorne E. 3; vgl. mit Bezug auf die Waldgesetzgebung auch Fritz
Gygi, Verwaltungsrecht, 1986, S. 226 f.).
4.2 Nach der Rechtsprechung ist der Entscheid, mit dem ein Gemeinwesen über die Benützung von öffentlichen
Sachen befindet, eine öffentlich-rechtliche Frage, auch wenn die Zurverfügungstellung auf dem Weg eines
privatrechtlichen Vertrags erfolgt. Die Verwaltung des Finanzvermögens erfolgt demgegenüber nicht hoheitlich,
sondern grundsätzlich auf dem Weg des Privatrechts. Damit ist zu unterscheiden zwischen dem privatrechtlichen
Vertragsschluss und einem dem öffentlichen Recht unterliegenden vorangehenden Akt, einen solchen Vertrag
schliessen zu wollen (Zuschlag). Dieses Verständnis erlaubt es, den vom öffentlichen Recht beherrschten Akt als
anfechtbare Verfügung auszugestalten, um Dritten Rechtsschutz dagegen zu ermöglichen (sog.
Zweistufentheorie; statt vieler Tschannen/Zimmerli/Müller, a.a.O., § 34 N. 6). Grosse Bedeutung hat dieses
Konzept im Submissionsrecht erlangt, wo der Zuschlag spezialgesetzlich als Verfügung ausgestaltet ist (vgl. BGE
134 II 297 E. 2.1; Häfelin/Müller/Uhlmann, a.a.O., N. 1394; Kölz/Häner/Bertschi, Verwaltungsverfahren und
Verwaltungsrechtspflege des Bundes, 3. Aufl. 2013, N. 876). Das Bundesgericht hat es zwar abgelehnt, die Regeln
über das öffentliche Beschaffungswesen sinngemäss anzuwenden auf die Erteilung von
Sondernutzungskonzessionen oder die Übertragung von Verfügungsrechten an Gegenständen des
Finanzvermögens, bisweilen aber trotzdem unterschieden zwischen dem privatrechtlichen Vertragsschluss und
der vorangehenden Willensbildung innerhalb des Gemeinwesens, solche Verträge eingehen zu wollen, und diese
Willensbildung unter Umständen als anfechtbare Hoheitsakte betrachtet (zum Ganzen BGer 2C_314/2013 vom
19.3.2014, in ZBl 2015 S. 146 E. 1.1 betreffend die Zuteilung von Pachtland durch eine öffentlich-rechtliche
Körperschaft, mit kritischen Bemerkungen von Markus Schott; vgl. auch die Anmerkungen von Raphaël Eggs, in
RDAF 2016 I S. 452 f.).
4.3 Die Praxis zur Anwendung der Zweistufentheorie ausserhalb des Submissionsrechts ist nicht einheitlich. Nicht
zwingend ist insbesondere der Schluss, den Akt der behördlichen Willensbildung vor dem Vertragsabschluss in
jedem Fall als Verfügung zu betrachten (ebenso Bosshart/Bertschi, in Alain Griffel [Hrsg.], Kommentar zum
Verwaltungsrechtspflegegesetz des Kantons Zürich, 3. Aufl. 2014, § 19 N. 10; vgl. auch BGE 89 I 253 E. 4), auch
wenn in verschiedenen Kantonen mitunter auf diesem Weg Rechtsschutz gewährt wird (vgl. etwa OG SH
60/2007/32 vom 9.11.2007, in ZBl 2008 S. 539 E. 2 mit Bemerkungen von August Mächler; zur Rechtsprechung im
Kanton Jura Broglin/Winkler Docourt, Le recours en matière communale, in RJJ 2012 S. 9 ff., 17 mit Hinweisen;
ferner Wiederkehr/Richli, Praxis des allgemeinen Verwaltungsrechts, Band II, 2014, § 8 N. 25). Im Kanton Bern
stellt die Abgabe einer Willenserklärung durch Organe der Gemeinden sowie von gemeinderechtlich
anerkannten Anstalten und Körperschaften im Grundsatz keine Verfügung dar; sie ist aber als (weiterer) Beschluss
im Sinn von Art. 60 Abs. 1 Bst. b Ziff. 3 VRPG mit Beschwerde anfechtbar (vorne E. 2.2). So hat das
Verwaltungsgericht beispielsweise die Vergabe von Pachtland als derartigen Beschluss qualifiziert (vgl.
Meinungsaustausch vom 6.3.2009 mit der Justiz-, Gemeinde- und Kirchendirektion des Kantons Bern im
Verfahren 100.2009.6; ebenso bereits RR 6.7.1983, in BVR 1983 S. 349 E. 2a). Dabei hat es unter Hinweis auf das in
BVR 2000 S. 375 publizierte Leiturteil hervorgehoben, dass das im konkreten Fall anwendbare kommunale Recht
den Bewerberinnen und Bewerbern weder in materieller noch in verfahrensrechtlicher Hinsicht irgendwelche
Ansprüche zur Durchsetzung ihrer generellen Berechtigung an frei werdendem Gemeindepachtland einräume.
Weiter hat das Gericht den Entscheid einer Gemeinde, eine zu ihrem Finanzvermögen gehörende Parzelle an
zwei Drittpersonen zu verkaufen, ebenfalls als (weiteren) Beschluss ohne Verfügungscharakter behandelt (JTA
2015/230 vom 19.10.2016 E. 1.1.3).
4.4 Die hier zu beurteilende Angelegenheit ist kein Grund, den Akt der behördlichen Willensbildung vor dem
Vertragsschluss in Abkehr von der bisherigen verwaltungsgerichtlichen Rechtsprechung stets als anfechtbare
Verfügung zu betrachten. Von entscheidender Bedeutung sind die Vorgaben, die sich aus dem Natur- und
Heimatschutzrecht ergeben und auf die sich die beschwerdeführenden Umweltorganisationen und das BAFU
berufen. Sie beziehen sich namentlich auf die Schutzbestimmungen von Art. 18, 18a und 23a ff. NHG sowie Art. 11
JSG und auf Art. 8 AuenV, Art. 8 FMV und Art. 8 MLV, welche die Kantone verpflichten, bestehende
Beeinträchtigungen von Schutzgebieten bei jeder sich bietenden Gelegenheit zu beseitigen. Auch wenn sich aus
den erwähnten Verordnungsbestimmungen nicht präzise ableiten lässt, welche konkreten Anordnungen zu
treffen sind (vgl. dazu Jennifer Vonlanthen-Heuck, Der Schutz von Quelllebensräumen, in URP 2015 S. 373 ff.,
382), lassen sich die strittigen Vertragsverlängerungen mit einer Bewilligung oder einer Konzessionserneuerung
vergleichen, die eine Pflicht zur Beseitigung von Beeinträchtigungen auslösen kann (vorne E. 3). Wie das BAFU in
seiner Beschwerde überzeugend ausführt, sind insoweit allemal die Auswirkungen auf die Schutzobjekte
massgebend, wogegen die rechtliche Ausgestaltung des Verhältnisses, auf dem diese Auswirkungen beruhen,
nicht ausschlaggebend sein kann. Der Betrieb des Campingplatzes ist zudem geeignet, die Schutzziele des NHG
zu beeinträchtigen. Die beschwerdeführenden Umweltverbände haben daher gestützt auf Art. 12 NHG und Art. 9
Abs. 3 der Aarhus-Konvention ein ausgewiesenes Bedürfnis an der (gerichtlichen) Überprüfung der umstrittenen
Nutzung.
5.
5.1 Es fragt sich, ob dem ausgewiesenen Rechtsschutzbedürfnis der Umweltverbände Rechnung zu tragen ist,
indem der angefochtene Beschluss des Regierungsrats als beschwerdefähige Verfügung betrachtet wird, oder ob
alternative Rechtsschutzmöglichkeiten offenstehen, um die auf dem Spiel stehenden Interessen wirksam geltend
zu machen (vorne E. 2.3).
5.2 Um die Verträglichkeit des Campingplatzes mit den natur- und landschaftsschutzrechtlichen Vorschriften
überprüfen zu lassen, kommt zunächst das baupolizeiliche Wiederherstellungsverfahren in Frage.
5.2.1 Wird ein Bauvorhaben ohne Baubewilligung oder in Überschreitung einer solchen ausgeführt oder werden
bei der Ausführung eines bewilligten Vorhabens Vorschriften missachtet, so setzt die Baupolizeibehörde der
jeweiligen Grundeigentümerin oder dem jeweiligen Grundeigentümer eine angemessene Frist zur
Wiederherstellung des rechtmässigen Zustands unter Androhung der Ersatzvornahme (Art. 46 Abs. 1 und 2
BauG). Zur Anzeige berechtigt sind auch privatrechtliche Organisationen, die ideelle Zwecke verfolgen. Ihnen ist
Gelegenheit zur Teilnahme am Verfahren einzuräumen (Art. 46 Abs. 2 Bst. a i.V.m. Art. 35a BauG). Nach Ablauf
von fünf Jahren, seitdem die Rechtswidrigkeit erkennbar war, kann die Wiederherstellung des rechtmässigen
Zustands nur verlangt werden, wenn zwingende öffentliche Interessen es erfordern (Art. 46 Abs. 3 BauG).
Aufgrund bisherigen Rechts bewilligte oder bewilligungsfreie Bauten und Anlagen werden in ihrem Bestand
durch neue Vorschriften und Pläne nicht berührt (Art. 3 BauG).
5.2.2 Der Campingplatz Fanel besteht unbestrittenermassen seit den 1950er-Jahren; für die Gebäude wurden
verschiedene Baubewilligungen erteilt (Dossier 2016/277 act. 1C Beilagen 18 f.). Nach Angaben des BAFU fehlt
zwar eine Rodungsbewilligung für die Nutzung des Waldes als Campingareal; es ist jedoch davon auszugehen,
dass zumindest grosse Teile des Campingplatzes baurechtskonform erstellt wurden. Umweltrechtlichen
Interessen kann mit einer baupolizeilichen Intervention somit nur beschränkt Rechnung getragen werden, da im
Fall einer Vertragsverlängerung der Verein A.________ jedenfalls rechtmässig erstellte bzw. besitzstandsgeschützte
Bauten weiterhin nutzen könnte (vgl. auch Art. 7 Abs. 2 VBLN). Ein solches Verfahren bietet daher nicht den von
den Organisationen angestrebten Rechtsschutz.
5.3 Wer ein Schutzobjekt im Sinn des NHG und von dessen Ausführungserlassen beschädigt, kann gemäss Art.
24e Bst. a NHG verpflichtet werden, die widerrechtlich getroffenen Massnahmen rückgängig zu machen. Die
Bestimmung setzt eine widerrechtliche Beeinträchtigung des Schutzobjekts voraus; das widerrechtliche Verhalten
muss für die eingetretene Beschädigung kausal sein. Nicht von Art. 24e Bst. a NHG erfasst sind somit rechtmässig
erstellte Bauten, Anlagen und Bodenveränderungen (Karl Ludwig Fahrländer, in Kommentar NHG, Art. 24e N. 3
ff., 12; Thierry Largey, Le cadre juridique des atteintes licites et illicites à la nature et au paysage, in RDAF 2014 I S.
535 ff., 577 ff.). Art. 25b NHG regelt zudem die Wiederherstellungspflicht für Anlagen, Bauten und
Bodenveränderungen, die nach dem 1. Juni 1983 innerhalb von Mooren und Moorlandschaften von besonderer
Schönheit und von nationaler Bedeutung erstellt wurden. Das Bundesrecht enthält keine Bestimmung über die
mögliche Verfahrensteilnahme von Anzeigerinnen und Anzeigern bzw. Dritten. Soweit sich die widerrechtliche
Beeinträchtigung von Schutzobjekten mit der Verletzung von kantonalem Recht überschneidet, kommen auch
baupolizeiliche oder andere kantonalrechtlich abgestützte Anordnungen zur Wiederherstellung des
rechtmässigen Zustands in Frage (Karl Ludwig Fahrländer, in Kommentar NHG, Art. 24e N. 5 f.; Peter M. Keller, in
Kommentar NHG, Art. 25b N. 21). Der Rechtsschutz ist somit vergleichbar mit einer baupolizeilichen Intervention
und daher im vorliegenden Fall keine Alternative zur Anfechtung des Regierungsratsbeschlusses.
5.4 Zu denken ist schliesslich an eine aufsichtsrechtliche Intervention durch den Grossen Rat (Art. 78 der
Verfassung des Kantons Bern [KV; BSG 101.1]). Eine solche böte jedoch ebenfalls nicht den angestrebten
Rechtsschutz und es ist zweifelhaft, ob sie die Anforderungen von Art. 9 Abs. 3 der Aarhus-Konvention zu
erfüllen vermöchte, zumal eine Aufsichtsbeschwerde als blosser Rechtsbehelf weder Parteistellung noch Anspruch
auf Eintreten der Behörde vermittelt (vgl. etwa Goran Seferovic, Ideelle Verbandsbeschwerde im
Zulassungsverfahren für Pflanzenschutzmittel?, in URP 2017 S. 410 ff., 422 mit Hinweisen; Nicolas Wisard, Le droit
de recours des organisations écologistes: quelques perspectives ouvertes par la Convention d'Aarhus, in URP
2009 S. 813 ff., 828).
5.5 Den Anliegen der Umweltorganisationen könnte allenfalls auch mit einer anfechtbaren Verfügung über
Realakte Rechnung getragen werden. Wer ein schutzwürdiges Interesse hat, kann seit dem 1. Januar 2007
gestützt auf Art. 25a VwVG von der Behörde, die für Handlungen zuständig ist, welche sich auf öffentliches Recht
des Bundes stützen und Rechte oder Pflichten berühren, eine solche Verfügung verlangen. In seiner älteren
Rechtsprechung hat das Bundesgericht ein solches Recht für Schutzorganisationen abgelehnt, da sie von
vornherein nicht wie Private in eigenen schutzwürdigen Interessen betroffen sein könnten und Art. 12 NHG ihnen
kein allgemeines Aufsichts- und Interventionsrecht einräume (BGE 110 Ib 160 E. 2a mit Hinweis auf Robert Imholz,
Die Zuständigkeiten des Bundes auf dem Gebiete des Natur- und Heimatschutzes, Diss. Zürich 1975, S. 76 f.;
BGer 27.6.1985, in ZBl 1986 S. 219 E. 2a); zum Verhältnis von Art. 25a VwVG zu Art. 12 NHG hat sich das
Bundesgericht bislang nicht geäussert. Auch diesem Problemkreis muss hier nicht weiter nachgegangen werden.
Nicht zuletzt wäre es wenig prozessökonomisch, den Umweltverbänden den gerichtlichen Rechtsschutz gegen
den angefochtenen Beschluss zwar zu versagen, ihnen aber gleichzeitig die Möglichkeit zu eröffnen, beim
Regierungsrat eine Verfügung zu verlangen, die im Anschluss beim Verwaltungsgericht angefochten werden
könnte. Abgesehen davon ist fraglich, ob Art. 25a VwVG für kantonale Behörden, die Bundesrecht vollziehen,
überhaupt anwendbar ist (vgl. BVR 2007 S. 441 E. 4.2 mit Hinweisen; ferner Tschannen/Zimmerli/Müller, a.a.O., §
38 N. 22; Häfelin/Müller/Uhlmann, a.a.O., N. 1435; Kiener/Rütsche/Kuhn, Öffentliches Verfahrensrecht, 2. Aufl.
2015, N. 431).
5.6 Mangels wirksamer alternativer Rechtsschutzmöglichkeiten ist der Beschluss des Regierungsrats betreffend
die Vertragsverlängerung im Ergebnis wie eine anfechtbare Verfügung zu behandeln. Damit wird insbesondere
den Anforderungen an Rechtsschutz nach Art. 12 NHG und Art. 9 Abs. 3 der Aarhus-Konvention gemäss der
neuesten Rechtsprechung des Bundesgerichts Rechnung getragen. Wird der Beschluss als anfechtbare
Verfügung behandelt, gilt dies nicht nur gegenüber den nach der VBO beschwerdebefugten
Umweltorganisationen, sondern auch gegenüber dem Beschwerdeführer 2, dessen Beschwerdebefugnis sich aus
kantonalem Recht ergibt. Ebenso stellt der Beschluss in diesem Fall ein Anfechtungsobjekt für die
Behördenbeschwerde des BAFU dar (vorne E. 1.4). Da auch die übrigen Prozessvoraussetzungen erfüllt sind, ist
auf die Beschwerden einzutreten.
6.
6.1 Da der Beschluss des Regierungsrats in Anwendung von Bundesumweltrecht (Natur- und Landschaftsschutz,
Wald) hätte ergehen müssen, ist er materiell auf seine Vereinbarkeit mit den als verletzt gerügten Normen zu
prüfen, d.h. es ist zu beurteilen, ob die Weiterführung des Campingplatzes umweltrechtlich zulässig ist. Der
Regierungsrat hat den Beschluss als rein verwaltungsinterne Anweisung betreffend einen zivilrechtlichen
Vertragsschluss verstanden und dessen Vereinbarkeit mit dem öffentlichen Recht daher nicht umfassend
abgeklärt, wie er selber einräumt. Er beantragt denn auch im Fall der Gutheissung der Beschwerde die
Rückweisung an eine kantonale Instanz (vorne Bst. B). Die beschwerdeführenden Organisationen gehen ebenfalls
davon aus, dass der Sachverhalt nicht entscheidreif ist, stellen sie doch die Verfahrensanträge, es seien alle Akten
der Fachbehörden der Bereiche Naturschutz, Wald und Wasser zu edieren und ihnen Gelegenheit zur
Stellungnahme zu geben; zudem sei ein Augenschein durchzuführen. Ferner beantragen sie eine gerichtlich zu
veranlassende Expertise zur Grenzziehung des Flachmoorobjekts Nr. 2294 und zum Umfang der Pufferzonen
sowie eine Expertise «zum Mass der Beeinträchtigung der Brutgebiete und Lebensräume der Vögel und
Zugvögel sowie der Zerstörung der Unterwasservegetation im Neuenburgersee durch den Badebetrieb des
Camping Fanel». Um beurteilen zu können, ob die Weiterführung des Campingplatzes mit den
bundesrechtlichen Bestimmungen, namentlich des NHG und von dessen Ausführungserlassen, vereinbar ist, sind
weitere Abklärungen zur Frage erforderlich, inwiefern der Campingbetrieb die Schutzgebiete beeinträchtigt. Der
angefochtene Beschluss beruht daher auf einer unvollständigen Sachverhaltsfeststellung.
6.2 Die zu treffenden Abklärungen werden zeigen, ob und wenn ja unter welchen Rahmenbedingungen ein
Campingbetrieb auf den streitbetroffenen Parzellen mit dem Umweltrecht vereinbar ist. Zu beachten ist dabei
ebenfalls die Verpflichtung, bestehende Beeinträchtigungen der Schutzgebiete zu beseitigen (vorne E. 3.3).
Gestützt auf das Ergebnis der Abklärungen muss weiter geprüft werden, ob ein allfälliger Weiterbetrieb einzig auf
der Grundlage einer Vertragsverlängerung bzw. -anpassung möglich ist oder ob es dazu entsprechend der
Auffassung des BAFU einer Sondernutzungsplanung bedarf, allenfalls verbunden mit einer Schutzplanung
betreffend die Moorlandschaft und Biotope von nationaler Bedeutung (Beschwerde S. 18), wobei die
Zuständigkeiten von Kanton bzw. Gemeinde zu beachten sind (vgl. dazu BVR 2016 S. 507 E. 2). Mithin stehen
nicht nur die privatrechtlichen Vertragsbestimmungen mit dem Verein A.________ zur Diskussion. Es ist nicht
Aufgabe des Verwaltungsgerichts, als erste Instanz die nötigen Sachverhaltsabklärungen durchzuführen, um
anschliessend über das anzuwendende Verfahren und die Vereinbarkeit des Campingbetriebs mit den
umweltrechtlichen Bestimmungen zu entscheiden. Dies würde den Rahmen des vorliegenden Verfahrens
sprengen.
6.3 Bei dieser Ausgangslage muss es mit der Aufhebung des angefochtenen Beschlusses sein Bewenden haben.
Will der Kanton die Weiterführung des Campingbetriebs ermöglichen, wird er über das weitere Vorgehen im Sinn
der vorstehenden Erwägung zu entscheiden haben. Mit der Aufhebung des angefochtenen Beschlusses ist der
Vertragsverlängerung mit dem Verein A.________ zur Zeit die Grundlage entzogen; über die Zukunft des
Campingplatzes ist damit aber noch nicht entschieden. Ein Verbot eines neuen Vertragsschlusses, wie von den
Umweltorganisationen mit ihrem Hauptbegehren beantragt (vorne Bst. B), kommt daher nicht in Betracht.
6.4 Die Beschwerden sind somit dahin gutzuheissen, dass der angefochtene Beschluss des Regierungsrats
aufzuheben ist. Soweit weitergehend sind die Beschwerden abzuweisen.
7.
7.1 Bei diesem Ergebnis dringen die Beschwerdeführenden im Verfahren 100.2016.271 mit ihrem Rechtsmittel
gemessen an den Anträgen nur teilweise durch, da kein Verbot eines neuen Vertragsschlusses anzuordnen ist.
Indessen ist mit der Aufhebung des angefochtenen Beschlusses einer Vertragsverlängerung derzeit die
Grundlage entzogen; eine allfällige Weiterführung des Campingbetriebs erfordert ein neues Verfahren. In
Anlehnung an die Praxis bei Rückweisungsentscheiden (BVR 2016 S. 222 E. 4.1) sind die Beschwerdeführenden
daher für die Kostenverlegung als vollständig obsiegend zu betrachten. Es sind keine Verfahrenskosten zu
erheben (Art. 108 Abs. 2 VRPG). Der Kanton Bern (Justiz-, Gemeinde- und Kirchendirektion) hat den obsiegenden
Beschwerdeführenden im Verfahren 100.2016.271 die Parteikosten zu ersetzen (Art. 108 Abs. 3 i.V.m. Art. 104 Abs.
1 VRPG). Dem obsiegenden Beschwerdeführer im Verfahren 100.2016.277 sind keine ersatzfähigen Parteikosten
angefallen (Art. 104 Abs. 1 VRPG).
7.2 Gemäss Art. 41 Abs. 1 des kantonalen Anwaltsgesetzes vom 28. März 2006 (KAG; BSG 168.11) i.V.m. Art. 11
Abs. 1 der Verordnung vom 17. Mai 2006 über die Bemessung des Parteikostenersatzes (Parteikostenverordnung,
PKV; BSG 168.811) beträgt das Honorar in Beschwerdeverfahren Fr. 400.-- bis 11'800.-- pro Instanz zuzüglich
allfälliger Zuschläge nach Art. 11 Abs. 2 und Art. 16 i.V.m. Art. 9 PKV. Innerhalb dieses Rahmentarifs bemisst sich
der Parteikostenersatz nach dem in der Sache gebotenen Zeitaufwand, der Bedeutung der Streitsache und der
Schwierigkeit des Prozesses (Art. 41 Abs. 3 KAG). Der Rechtsvertreter der Beschwerdeführenden im Verfahren
100.2016.271 macht ein Honorar von Fr. 13'250.-- zuzüglich 3 % Auslagenpauschale und MWSt geltend. Dies
erscheint angesichts der obgenannten Kriterien als überhöht, auch wenn die Bedeutung der Streitsache und die
Schwierigkeit des Prozesses als überdurchschnittlich betrachtet werden. Die Akten sind nicht besonders
umfangreich, und es wurde weder ein Beweisverfahren noch ein zweiter Schriftenwechsel durchgeführt. Unter
Berücksichtigung der gesamten Umstände ist daher ein Honorar von Fr. 8'000.-- zuzüglich Fr. 240.-- Auslagen
angemessen. Da die Beschwerdeführenden Nrn. 1, 4 und 5 selber mehrwertsteuerpflichtig sind, ist bei der
Festlegung ihres Anteils des Parteikostenersatzes keine Mehrwertsteuer zu berücksichtigen (BVR 2014 S. 484 E. 6;
vgl. Unternehmens-Identifikationsnummer-Register, einsehbar unter: <https://www.uid.admin.ch>). Die
Mehrwertsteuer ist daher nur auf zwei Fünfteln der Parteikosten zu entschädigen (vgl. VGE 2015/63/65 vom
28.10.2015 E. 10.2).
Demnach entscheidet das Verwaltungsgericht:
1. Die Beschwerden werden dahin gutgeheissen, dass der Beschluss des Regierungsrats des Kantons Bern
914/2016 vom 24. August 2016 aufgehoben wird. Soweit weitergehend werden die Beschwerden abgewiesen.
2. Es werden keine Verfahrenskosten erhoben.
3. a) Der Kanton Bern (Justiz-, Gemeinde- und Kirchendirektion) hat den Beschwerdeführenden im Verfahren
100.2016.271 die Parteikosten, bestimmt auf Fr. 8'503.70 (inkl. Auslagen und Anteil MWSt), zu ersetzen.
b) Im Verfahren 100.2016.277 werden keine Parteikosten gesprochen.
4. Zu eröffnen:
- den Beschwerdeführenden im Verfahren 100.2016.271
- dem Beschwerdeführer im Verfahren 100.2016.277
- dem Beschwerdegegner
Der Abteilungspräsident: Die Gerichtsschreiberin:
Rechtsmittelbelehrung
Gegen dieses Urteil kann innert 30 Tagen seit Zustellung der schriftlichen Begründung beim Bundesgericht, 1000
Lausanne 14, Beschwerde in öffentlich-rechtlichen Angelegenheiten gemäss Art. 39 ff., 82 ff. und 90 ff. des
Bundesgesetzes vom 17. Juni 2005 über das Bundesgericht (BGG; SR 173.110) geführt werden.
Art. 12 NHGart. 12 LPN
BGE 139 II 271ATF 139 II 271
BGE 142 II 509ATF 142 II 509
Art. 2 NHGart. 2 LPN
Art. 2 NHGart. 2 LPN
Art. 78 BVart. 78 Cst.
BGE 133 II 220ATF 133 II 220
BGE 138 II 281ATF 138 II 281
BGE 139 II 271ATF 139 II 271
BGE 133 II 220ATF 133 II 220
BGE 138 II 23ATF 138 II 23
BGE 112 II 35ATF 112 II 35
BGE 103 Ib 247ATF 103 Ib 247
BGE 97 II 371ATF 97 II 371
2C_614/2009
BGE 134 II 297ATF 134 II 297
2C_314/2013
BGE 89 I 253ATF 89 I 253
* Year selection only affects the "Wood Energy Sources and Uses"
1
Total Population
810,138,548
2
Rural Population (% of total)
22.3%
Woody Biomass Supply
2017
2015
2013
2011
2009
2007
2005
3
Roundwood removals from forest and outside forest (1000m3)
1,038,334
1,024,064
843,444
910,248
838,837
1,210,203
995,703
4
Roundwood supply from forest and outside forest including net trade (1000m3)
1,027,981
1,019,567
838,040
909,320
821,446
1,168,661
1,011,844
5
Total calculated domestic supply of woody biomass (1000m3)
1,624,172
1,601,393
1,390,603
1,494,276
1,297,416
1,679,045
Energy Resources
2017
2015
2013
2011
2009
2007
2005
6
Total primary energy supply, TPES (ktoe)
3,852,890
3,865,968
3,627,303
4,019,732
4,082,578
4,390,095
3,734,501
7
Share of renewables (RES) in TPES
10.7%
10.3%
9.3%
8.6%
6.5%
6.0%
6.4%
8
Total wood energy supply, volume basis (1000 m3)
696,593
726,604
581,422
595,185
588,297
691,526
232,522
9
Total wood energy supply, energy basis (ktoe)
146,306
151,076
127,823
132,738
131,796
216,173
Wood Energy Intensity
2017
2015
2013
2011
2009
2007
2005
10
Average wood energy consumption (m3/capita)
0.86
0.91
0.85
0.73
0.74
0.91
0.39
11
Fuelwood consumption per rural inhabitant (m3/inhabitant)
1.13
0.63
0.89
0.75
0.86
1.00
0.00
12
Pellets consumption per inhabitant (kg/capita)
25.99
24.18
24.85
16.77
10.48
8.09
Role of Wood Energy in Forest Sector
2017
2015
2013
2011
2009
2007
2005
13
Share of net annual increment directly used for energy (%)
7.7%
10.3%
9.8%
8.2%
6.4%
4.5%
5.4%
14
Share of Roundwood supply directly used for energy purposes (%)
22.9%
27.1%
21.7%
21.0%
24.6%
15.1%
8.2%
15
Share of calculated domestic consumption of woody biomass used for energy purposes (%)
42.9%
45.4%
41.8%
39.8%
45.3%
41.2%
Role of Wood Energy in Energy Sector
2017
2015
2013
2011
2009
2007
2005
16
Share of woody biomass in TPES (%)
3.8%
3.9%
3.5%
3.3%
2.9%
4.9%
1.3%
17
Share of woody biomass in RES (%)
35.4%
37.9%
37.9%
38.6%
44.5%
81.5%
19.7%
18
Share of wood energy generated from black liquor, energy basis (%)
26.8%
21.3%
29.5%
29.4%
24.9%
73.4%
19
Imported wood fuel as share of wood energy, volume basis (%)
5.2%
5.0%
6.7%
4.5%
1.9%
1.0%
'Analysis 2007'!A1:CF70
Wood Energy Sources and Uses in 2017 [1000 m3]
U1 Power and Heat
U2 Industrial
U3 Residential
U4 Other
Sum
%
S1 Direct
26,801.4
4,374.1
196,408.2
8,111.6
235,695.3
33.8%
S2 Indirect
58,286.7
238,710.2
49,059.8
8,496.4
354,553.1
50.9%
S3 Recovered
23,209.8
9,377.6
3,165.6
1,058.1
36,811.2
5.3%
S4 Unspecified
33,606.5
21,159.5
2,479.0
12,288.4
69,533.5
10.0%
Sum
141,904.5
273,621.4
251,112.7
29,954.6
%
20.4%
39.3%
36.0%
4.3%
696,593.1
Notes/Comments:
1. The category "JWEE total 2017" refers to the set of responding countries providing sufficiently detailed data for 2017. This includes Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom and the United States.
Disclaimer: Data comparisons between reference years are only indicative, due to changes in national and international statistical methodologies.
U1 Power and Heat U2 Industrial U3 Residential U4 Other 0.20371213254458462 0.39279941466138452 0.36048686892398235 4.3001583870048404E-2
2017
2017
Population
Rural Population (share)
Roundwood and Fuelwood removals from forest and outside forest (1000m3)
Roundwood and Fuelwood supply from forest and outside forest including net trade (1000m3)
SWE + (S1 -S4) Total calculated domestic consumption of woody biomass (1000m3)
Autor: see comment in external data sheet
Total primary energy supply, TPES (ktoe)
Share of renewables (RES) in TPES from ktoe
Total wood energy generation (1000m3)
Total wood energy generation (ktoe) (calculation totals*heating value)
Average wood energy consumption (m3/capita)
Fuelwood consumption per rural inhabitant (m3/inhabitant)
Pellets consumption per inhabitant (kg/inhabitant)
S1 (from Forests)/Net Annual Increments
Share of Total Roundwood supply directly used for energy purposes (%)
Share of energy use in calculated domestic consumption of woody biomass (%)
Share of woody biomass in TPES (%) (from TJ)
Share of woody biomass in RES (%) (from TJ)
Share of wood energy generated from black liquor (%) (heating value)
Imported wood fuel as share of wood energy (%)
1-S1-U1
1-S1-U2
1-S1-U3
1-S1-U4
1-S2-U1
1-S2-U2
1-S2-U3
1-S2-U4
1-S3-U1
1-S3-U2
1-S3-U3
1-S3-U4
1-S4-U1
1-S4-U2
1-S4-U3
1-S4-U4
Total wood energy consumption in TJ
Black liquor in TJ
woodfuel imports in 1000 m3
country
fuelwood supply
pellet consumption
Albania
2,884,169
0.45
n/a
n/a
n/a
2,354
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
Armenia
2,944,789
0.38
668
669
2,294
3,188
0
542
110
0
1
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
480
0
0
0
62
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4,613
0
1
665,900
2,062
480
Austria
8,819,902
0.33
18,119
26,322
47,467
33,486
0
24,569
5,021
3
2
108
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
20
6,639
431
6,505
7,906
1,417
1,233
417
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
210,202
41,125
1,878
5,341,990
952,750,000
5,366
Azerbaijan
9,845,316
0.45
151
151
2,154
14,337
0
151
35
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
6
53
85
0
0
2
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,457
0
0
151,000
0
0
Belarus
9,450,233
0.22
19,493
17,498
25,622
25,513
0
7,797
1,568
1
3
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1,452
91
1,837
804
2,045
1,167
181
221
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
65,653
42
29
5,306,454
16,600,000
4,183
Belgium
11,419,752
0.02
n/a
n/a
n/a
55,252
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3,351,534
0.68
4,375
3,438
3,023
6,758
0
277
50
0
0
51
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
187
90
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,114
1,663
40
614,400
169,960,000
0
Bulgaria
7,102,452
0.25
n/a
n/a
n/a
18,745
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
Canada
36,732,091
0.18
177,335
175,679
133,182
289,062
0
73,251
15,067
2
3
20
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
22,496
0
0
45,645
5,109
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
630,844
199,049
158
22,575,573
739,000,000
22,496
Croatia
4,182,847
0.41
6,297
5,379
5,642
8,748
0
3,435
885
1
1
10
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
397
0
2,130
0
43
247
415
0
23
180
0
0
0
0
0
0
37,035
0
166
1,174,130
42,370,000
1,538
Cyprus
1,179,685
0.33
24
27
307
2,218
0
112
15
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
12
0
0
2
43
56
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
640
0
92
15,980
3,370,000
9
Czech Republic
10,641,032
0.28
21,977
17,089
22,280
43,329
0
13,544
2,753
1
1
9
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
8,243
0
2,206
2,151
546
101
0
0
296
0
0
0
0
0
115,265
8,164
285
4,273,000
94,000,000
6,267
Denmark
5,732,277
0.12
n/a
n/a
n/a
17,007
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
Estonia
1,319,389
0.31
11,299
8,711
12,861
5,707
0
5,420
1,120
4
8
148
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
995
9
1,323
33
1,020
923
712
70
302
0
32
0
0
0
0
0
46,897
1,568
83
3,407,439
194,977,319
1,721
Finland
5,511,372
0.15
66,094
69,958
81,945
33,277
0
41,492
8,717
8
13
68
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
4,917
546
5,401
807
5,726
22,210
630
209
729
51
232
34
0
0
0
0
364,947
154,761
240
10,713,823
373,450,000
11,671
France
64,842,513
0.20
51,269
48,189
96,117
247,086
0
42,729
10,283
1
1
22
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2,330
1,554
19,940
1,132
2,030
5,750
7,427
1,061
797
470
0
238
0
0
0
0
430,525
32,447
1,829
19,067,000
1,424,320,000
19,002
Georgia
4,008,723
0.49
1,923
1,914
2,873
4,808
0
1,922
388
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
6
1,849
18
0
0
48
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16,231
0
0
471,500
0
0
Germany
82,658,409
0.24
65,717
70,695
145,711
311,245
0
59,684
13,075
1
1
27
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,432
1,416
19,545
2,949
3,278
5,695
6,422
3,181
7,805
3,219
1,208
716
445
184
27
162
547,404
25,683
2,598
22,649,116
2,190,500,000
22,133
Hungary
9,729,822
0.28
n/a
n/a
n/a
26,649
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
Iceland
334,395
0.06
4
5
198
5,471
1
74
9
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
72
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
380
0
80
1,420
520,000
2
Ireland
4,753,281
0.37
3,342
3,630
2,945
13,639
0
1,356
289
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19
0
322
0
623
0
58
0
334
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12,102
0
153
321,170
96,800,000
322
Italy
60,673,694
0.31
12,928
16,193
85,058
153,445
0
44,811
9,055
1
1
36
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
28,049
0
8,773
973
5,465
492
0
1,059
0
0
0
0
0
0
379,115
544
5,623
11,903,900
2,171,020,000
0
Kazachstan
18,080,023
0.44
n/a
n/a
n/a
84,988
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
Latvia
1,951,097
0.34
n/a
n/a
n/a
4,400
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
Liechtenstein
37,805
0.86
16
16
23
0
0
19
4
1
0
0
0
0
1
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
164
0
0
16,000
0
0
Lithuania
2,845,419
0.35
6,888
5,434
12,018
7,545
0
6,491
1,304
2
2
11
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19
0
0
0
0
0
3,214
627
2,401
230
54,582
0
533
1,858,340
31,760,000
0
Luxembourg
591,914
0.09
433
923
802
3,775
0
421
136
1
2
43
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
89
0
182
93
57
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5,690
0
53
93,660
25,180,000
89
Montenegro
627,563
0.35
n/a
n/a
n/a
1,018
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
Netherlands
17,021,343
0.08
3,184
2,488
12,848
74,203
0
4,385
937
0
0
19
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
165
0
1,606
87
54
139
282
161
1,434
0
457
0
0
0
0
0
39,226
0
915
339,628
328,800,000
338
North Macedonia
2,081,996
0.43
764
807
1,655
2,723
0
677
136
0
1
37
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
524
131
0
0
19
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5,698
0
200
674,960
77,040,000
655
Norway
5,296,324
0.19
12,187
9,230
12,901
29,985
0
3,990
787
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,757
0
0
1,073
248
0
0
0
0
0
912
0
0
0
32,943
0
447
1,808,840
7,880,000
1,757
Poland
37,953,176
0.40
n/a
n/a
n/a
103,845
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
Portugal
10,288,527
0.37
n/a
n/a
n/a
22,770
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
Republic of Moldova
4,059,687
0.46
n/a
n/a
n/a
3,850
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
Romania
19,653,966
0.49
n/a
n/a
n/a
33,331
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
Russian Federation
145,530,091
0.25
n/a
n/a
n/a
732,160
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
Serbia
8,829,623
0.47
7,789
7,756
15,510
15,609
0
7,406
1,494
1
1
37
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
12
201
5,370
271
8
647
642
211
0
0
43
0
0
0
0
0
62,556
0
190
5,490,000
330,000,000
5,039
Slovak Republic
5,447,903
0.47
10,054
8,965
10,077
17,400
0
4,478
1,282
1
0
9
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1,170
0
817
28
516
1,629
225
9
0
0
45
39
0
0
0
0
53,693
5,778
153
705,000
50,000,000
1,425
Slovenia
2,076,395
0.51
4,779
2,583
5,932
6,907
0
2,696
660
1
1
54
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1,601
0
223
526
232
63
0
0
0
0
0
0
51
0
27,625
0
709
724,719
112,685,000
1,338
Sweden
9,904,895
0.14
74,817
81,874
96,157
49,174
0
45,650
9,496
5
5
183
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6,677
0
3,873
590
7,502
21,460
1,245
1,066
3,238
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
397,599
159,041
976
6,339,770
1,810,300,000
10,998
Switzerland
8,455,797
0.26
5,544
5,160
10,246
23,678
0
5,138
1,064
1
1
28
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1,059
59
1,113
490
161
601
547
40
755
306
0
7
0
0
0
0
44,542
0
712
2,092,000
234,880,000
2,411
Turkey
81,116,451
0.25
n/a
n/a
n/a
146,797
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
Ukraine
44,487,708
0.30
18,337
17,011
29,771
89,463
0
15,258
3,059
0
1
14
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
4,023
154
7,578
256
2,277
101
829
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
128,056
0
8
8,848,200
622,000,000
0
United Kingdom
66,727,463
0.16
12,950
13,082
61,578
175,883
0
33,681
6,906
1
0
106
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
151
311
7,702
0
15,115
6,120
2,575
203
605
45
852
1
0
0
0
0
289,122
0
17,005
2,138,860
7,046,000,000
5,581
United States
325,084,758
0.18
419,578
407,106
684,973
2,155,230
0
245,138
50,602
1
1
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
46,054
0
0
113,465
13,498
0
6,770
4,048
0
22
29,035
20,349
0
11,896
2,118,624
1,010,057
1,356
64,227,020
1,907,640,000
0
JWEE total
810,138,548
0.22
1,038,334
1,027,981
1,624,172
3,852,890
0
696,593
146,306
1
1
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
26,801
4,374
196,408
8,112
58,287
238,710
49,060
8,496
23,210
9,378
3,166
1,058
33,607
21,159
2,479
12,288
6,125,545
1,639,921
36,511
204,010,792
21,053,804,381
124,822
JWEE 12
264,351,249
0.22
310,876
330,198
564,717
915,976
0
264,934
57,155
1
1
55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
18,597
4,107
71,606
6,670
41,353
71,009
21,295
7,323
14,681
4,092
2,335
997
445
184
79
162
2,392,955
413,057
26,433
74,988,088
14,600,235,000
83,959
JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation)
378,447,723
0.24
400,753
407,814
743,942
1,271,754
0
352,400
75,451
1
1
47
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21,325
4,118
116,017
6,818
53,965
78,331
29,375
8,228
16,440
5,330
3,166
1,036
4,571
810
2,479
392
3,158,981
430,773
34,760
101,756,085
17,691,524,381
97,487
external data reference
Population
Rural Population (share)
SWE in 1000 m3
TPES in ktoe
RES in TPES (share)
Net Annaul Increment in 1000 m3
TPES in TJ
RES in TJ
*We could make this better when converting with TJ figures.
*most often: bark, charcoal
JWEE total
Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom and the United States
JWEE 12
Austria, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom
Europe excl. Russia
Armenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom
2015
2015
Population
Rural Population (share)
Roundwood and Fuelwood removals from forest and outside forest (1000m3)
Roundwood and Fuelwood supply from forest and outside forest including net trade (1000m3)
SWE + (S1 -S4) Total calculated domestic consumption of woody biomass (1000m3)
Autor: see comment in external data sheet
Total primary energy supply, TPES (ktoe)
Share of renewables (RES) in TPES from ktoe
Total wood energy generation (1000m3)
Total wood energy generation (ktoe) (calculation totals*heating value)
Average wood energy consumption (m3/capita)
Fuelwood consumption per rural inhabitant (m3/inhabitant)
Pellets consumption per inhabitant (kg/inhabitant)
S1 (from Forests)/Net Annual Increments
Autor: see comment in external data sheet
Share of Total Roundwood supply directly used for energy purposes (%)
Share of energy use in calculated domestic consumption of woody biomass (%)
Share of woody biomass in TPES (%) (from TJ)
Share of woody biomass in RES (%) (from TJ)
Share of wood energy generated from black liquor (%) (heating value)
Imported wood fuel as share of wood energy (%)
1-S1-U1
1-S1-U2
1-S1-U3
1-S1-U4
1-S2-U1
1-S2-U2
1-S2-U3
1-S2-U4
1-S3-U1
1-S3-U2
1-S3-U3
1-S3-U4
1-S4-U1
1-S4-U2
1-S4-U3
1-S4-U4
Total wood energy consumption in TJ
Black liquor in TJ
woodfuel imports in 1000 m3
country
fuelwood supply
pellet consumption
Albania
2,923,352
0.47
n/a
n/a
n/a
2189.67
0.34
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
0
Armenia
2,916,950
0.38
0
0
2,165
3067.47
0.12
507
102
0.17
0.00
0.00
1.60
2577.21
0.23
0.03
0.27
0.00
0.00
0
5
502
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4,263
0
0
3
290
507
Austria
8,678,657
0.34
18,210
25,725
45,189
32793.80
0.29
23,606
4,802
2.72
1.94
93.76
0.25
0.29
0.52
0.15
0.50
0.14
0.08
0
0
6,859
529
6,352
7,357
1,105
1,404
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
201,038
27,826
1,909
5,645,340
813,710,000
5,640
Azerbaijan
9,617,484
0.45
390
390
1,774
14355.81
0.02
382
74
0.04
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.89
0.22
0.01
0.28
0.00
0.00
0
0
235
110
0
0
24
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,090
0
0
390,000
0
0
Belarus
9,485,772
0.23
n/a
n/a
n/a
25266.74
0.05
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
1.93
35.34
0.33
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
0
Belgium
11,287,940
0.02
n/a
n/a
n/a
53269.08
0.07
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.91
13.40
0.33
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
0
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3,535,961
0.65
4,511
3,816
5,535
8032.08
0.25
3,502
704
0.99
0.34
16.90
0.00
0.92
0.63
0.09
0.35
0.00
0.00
0
78
3,385
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
29,481
0
3
791,940
59,770,000
0
Bulgaria
7,177,396
0.26
n/a
n/a
n/a
18607.00
0.11
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
0
Canada
35,949,709
0.18
166,817
165,837
131,295
270191.79
0.18
66,584
13,715
1.85
2.37
27.11
0.04
0.09
0.51
0.05
0.28
0.39
0.00
0
0
15,387
0
0
48,048
3,150
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
574,232
221,240
229
15,427,157
974,450,000
15,387
Croatia
4,236,016
0.41
6,169
5,234
5,735
8397.49
0.23
3,533
924
0.83
0.64
4.49
0.21
0.54
0.62
0.11
0.47
0.00
0.02
121
49
2,668
0
67
72
353
0
23
180
0
0
0
0
0
0
38,701
0
88
1,113,000
19,000,000
1,849
Cyprus
1,160,985
0.33
20
23
229
2014.31
0.07
106
15
0.09
0.03
4.98
0.18
0.51
0.46
0.01
0.10
0.00
0.85
0
0
12
0
0
1
39
54
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
626
0
90
9,820
5,780,000
6
Czech Republic
10,603,762
0.27
20,093
17,750
22,214
42147.82
0.10
12,970
2,615
1.22
1.44
6.04
0.30
0.47
0.58
0.06
0.61
0.07
0.02
0
0
8,384
0
1,620
2,251
547
131
0
35
0
0
0
0
0
0
109,506
8,118
276
4,194,000
64,000,000
6,122
Denmark
5,688,695
0.12
n/a
n/a
n/a
16096.14
0.30
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
0
Estonia
1,315,321
0.32
10,061
7,671
10,871
5423.86
0.17
5,096
1,042
3.87
7.74
160.44
0.20
0.28
0.47
0.19
1.15
0.04
0.01
805
22
1,292
25
1,334
1,020
548
23
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
43,641
1,544
67
3,214,904
211,023,900
1,947
Finland
5,481,966
0.16
63,479
68,370
77,670
32486.31
0.32
37,821
7,950
6.90
13.85
55.03
0.13
0.16
0.49
0.24
0.76
0.43
0.00
4,762
617
4,668
689
4,912
20,027
1,012
234
621
39
169
72
0
0
0
0
332,868
142,056
178
11,931,100
301,660,000
10,735
France
64,457,201
0.21
51,005
47,502
93,166
246505.85
0.09
40,657
9,744
0.63
1.41
16.55
0.22
0.48
0.44
0.04
0.45
0.08
0.04
1,818
1,658
19,472
0
1,105
5,126
7,037
2,222
1,253
967
0
0
0
0
0
0
407,977
34,211
1,578
18,704,230
1,066,900,000
18,080
Georgia
3,951,524
0.51
2,021
2,017
3,009
4631.41
0.25
2,122
426
0.54
0.24
0.02
0.00
1.05
0.71
0.09
0.37
0.00
0.00
0
4
2,082
35
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
17,856
0
1
484,600
60,000
0
Germany
81,707,789
0.25
55,613
61,010
132,125
307794.74
0.12
58,143
13,009
0.71
0.54
21.49
0.25
0.45
0.44
0.04
0.34
0.05
0.06
3,661
2,715
20,111
1,112
3,598
7,296
6,045
1,433
6,039
4,479
1,410
41
106
79
0
19
544,661
27,447
3,600
10,968,060
1,755,694,000
23,342
Hungary
9,783,925
0.29
n/a
n/a
n/a
25209.30
0.12
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
0
Iceland
330,243
0.06
4
4
171
5582.98
0.88
26
5
0.08
0.05
1.82
0.17
0.58
0.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.12
2
0
0
0
2
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
222
0
3
1,020
600,000
2
Ireland
4,700,107
0.37
2,943
2,929
3,297
13263.42
0.08
1,686
351
0.36
0.18
12.91
0.06
0.10
0.51
0.03
0.33
0.00
0.04
96
0
209
0
248
810
38
35
0
251
0
0
0
0
0
0
14,685
0
74
313,430
60,700,000
300
Italy
59,504,212
0.32
5,052
8,565
83,077
152604.76
0.17
42,701
8,623
0.72
0.21
34.97
0.00
3.13
0.51
0.06
0.33
0.00
0.12
0
0
26,786
0
8,644
939
4,945
414
0
974
0
0
0
0
0
0
361,020
551
5,274
4,052,510
2,080,740,000
0
Kazachstan
17,749,648
0.44
n/a
n/a
n/a
78092.74
0.01
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.00
n/a
n/a
0.62
54.70
0.33
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
0
Latvia
1,992,663
0.33
13,594
11,981
6,782
4262.68
0.36
2,992
601
1.50
3.51
75.78
0.03
0.05
0.44
0.14
0.39
0.00
0.11
66
223
322
32
810
1,235
172
132
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25,172
0
331
2,328,709
151,000,000
642
Liechtenstein
37,403
0.86
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.00
0.00
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
0
Lithuania
2,931,926
0.34
6,664
5,448
11,106
7221.94
0.20
6,182
1,241
2.11
1.92
24.56
0.00
0.00
0.56
0.17
0.88
0.00
0.05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
0
0
2,871
547
2,525
217
51,975
0
286
1,928,000
72,000,000
0
Luxembourg
566,741
0.09
479
581
732
3725.06
0.05
321
106
0.57
2.10
1.76
0.20
0.19
0.44
0.03
0.52
0.00
0.10
0
0
110
1
97
103
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4,446
0
32
112,000
1,000,000
112
Montenegro
628,178
0.36
1,160
699
1,593
1010.37
0.31
784
158
1.25
1.77
10.19
0.00
1.00
0.49
0.16
0.51
0.00
0.01
0
42
637
19
0
2
74
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6,605
0
7
396,630
6,400,000
0
Netherlands
16,938,499
0.09
3,053
2,420
12,181
73831.16
0.05
4,615
981
0.27
0.22
12.91
0.21
0.89
0.38
0.01
0.27
0.00
0.13
197
0
1,677
278
22
158
287
210
1,397
0
344
44
0
0
0
0
41,052
0
595
345,000
218,600,000
414
Norway
5,199,836
0.19
11,984
8,435
12,367
29616.39
0.45
4,240
836
0.82
1.88
20.19
0.09
0.22
0.34
0.03
0.06
0.00
0.13
0
0
1,827
0
0
1,240
364
0
0
0
0
0
808
0
0
0
34,996
0
544
1,885,140
104,990,000
1,827
Poland
38,265,226
0.39
41,680
41,643
84,605
94928.75
0.09
51,825
10,419
1.35
0.34
15.88
0.87
1.24
0.61
0.11
1.16
0.00
0.02
9,316
9,464
26,646
6,400
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
436,226
0
880
5,136,460
607,580,000
51,825
Portugal
10,418,473
0.37
11,533
13,181
26,646
21965.75
0.23
17,645
3,662
1.69
0.15
38.59
0.40
0.51
0.66
0.17
0.74
0.31
0.02
0
0
6,678
0
2,655
7,946
259
106
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
153,311
48,240
388
596,543
402,002,542
6,678
Republic of Moldova
4,065,980
0.46
1,497
1,527
5,309
3381.63
0.10
3,623
730
0.89
0.78
0.00
0.15
2.29
0.68
0.22
2.10
0.00
0.00
0
10
3,413
75
0
3
113
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30,559
0
5
1,472,838
0
3,498
Romania
19,876,621
0.49
n/a
n/a
n/a
31906.06
0.19
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
0
Russian Federation
143,888,004
0.26
n/a
n/a
n/a
709731.51
0.02
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
0
Serbia
8,851,280
0.47
7,655
7,766
14,744
14755.59
0.13
6,947
1,396
0.78
1.29
19.66
1.11
0.77
0.47
0.09
0.72
0.00
0.01
10
182
5,466
293
7
458
349
144
0
0
38
0
0
0
0
0
58,443
0
44
5,408,000
174,000,000
5,116
Slovak Republic
5,439,318
0.47
10,580
8,098
9,498
16392.42
0.10
4,345
1,199
0.80
0.48
5.06
0.12
0.23
0.46
0.07
0.76
0.12
0.02
993
0
859
26
1,020
1,311
50
52
23
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
50,207
6,056
70
1,219,397
27,500,000
1,448
Slovenia
2,074,788
0.50
5,324
3,090
6,278
6571.37
0.16
2,877
691
1.39
0.97
66.57
0.16
0.49
0.46
0.11
0.65
0.00
0.20
0
0
1,528
0
220
484
346
23
0
0
10
0
0
0
264
0
28,918
0
589
1,014,352
138,120,000
1,257
Sweden
9,763,565
0.14
74,169
80,749
91,095
45450.61
0.42
44,233
9,172
4.53
4.44
154.68
0.13
0.14
0.49
0.20
0.48
0.42
0.03
6,712
0
3,982
507
7,351
21,921
1,084
663
2,012
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
384,003
159,402
1,253
6,108,910
1,510,240,000
11,033
Switzerland
8,319,769
0.26
5,493
5,051
10,294
24533.32
0.22
4,811
996
0.58
0.99
25.24
0.39
0.50
0.47
0.04
0.18
0.00
0.11
890
73
1,168
412
148
621
471
45
682
294
0
7
0
0
0
0
41,682
0
510
2,121,000
210,000,000
2,158
North Macedonia
2,079,308
0.44
n/a
n/a
n/a
2678.35
0.16
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
0
Turkey
78,271,472
0.26
n/a
n/a
n/a
128810.24
0.12
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
0
Ukraine
44,657,704
0.30
n/a
n/a
n/a
90089.64
0.03
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
0
United Kingdom
65,397,080
0.17
12,446
12,221
60,213
180749.26
0.08
34,129
6,101
0.52
0.13
104.03
0.29
0.64
0.57
0.03
0.41
0.00
0.47
520
77
7,199
0
16,009
6,775
1,379
497
863
15
796
0
0
0
0
0
255,432
0
16,156
1,494,180
6,803,030,000
5,325
United States
319,929,162
0.19
410,364
399,835
630,425
2188278.06
0.07
237,594
48,685
0.74
0.15
4.63
0.00
0.12
0.38
0.02
0.33
0.33
0.01
0
0
46,741
0
0
75,461
13,315
0
7,583
5,243
0
1,269
30,875
47,876
0
9,230
2,038,360
671,748
1,236
8,717,561
1,481,327,024
0
JWEE total
Autor: Autor:
still includes Ireland
Autor: see comment in external data sheet
Autor: see comment in external data sheet
798,930,371
0.23
1,024,064
1,019,567
1,601,393
3865968.26
0.10
726,604
151,076
0.91
0.63
24.18
0.10
0.27
0.45
0.04
0.38
0.21
0.05
29,968
15,219
220,306
10,580
56,221
210,687
43,117
7,875
20,524
12,482
2,774
1,433
34,661
48,503
2,789
9,465
6,325,255
1,348,439
36,294
117,525,834
19,321,877,756
175,250
JWEE 12
261,159,928
0.23
296,837
315,016
535,032
910643.64
0.14
255,336
54,332
0.98
1.07
49.17
0.20
0.31
0.48
0.06
0.44
0.17
0.10
18,468
5,323
70,785
3,542
40,047
70,978
18,915
6,754
11,470
6,044
2,424
120
106
79
264
19
2,274,780
390,941
26,012
63,830,422
12,840,834,000
83,105
JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation)
429,482,492
0.27
444,472
451,487
834,889
1388511.18
0.14
419,922
88,175
0.98
0.81
39.27
0.25
0.47
0.50
0.06
0.44
0.12
0.08
29,968
15,215
155,860
10,434
56,221
87,178
26,627
7,863
12,941
7,239
2,774
164
3,786
626
2,789
236
3,691,717
455,451
34,828
92,506,516
16,866,040,732
159,864
external data reference
Population
Rural Population (share)
SWE in 1000 m3
TPES in ktoe
RES in TPES (share)
Net Annaul Increment in 1000 m3
TPES in TJ
RES in TJ
*We could make this better when converting with TJ figures.
JWEE total
Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdoma and the United States
JWEE 12
Austria, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Europe excl. Russia
Armenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzland and the United Kingdom
2013
2013
Population
Rural Population
Roundwood and Fuelwood removals from forest and outside forest (1000m3)
Roundwood and Fuelwood supply from forest and outside forest including net trade (1000m3)
SWE + (S1 -S4) Total calculated domestic consumption of woody biomass (1000m3)
Total primary energy supply, TPES (ktoe)
Share of renewables (RES) in TPES from ktoe
Total wood energy generation (1000m3)
Total wood energy generation (ktoe) (calculation totals*heating value)
Average wood energy consumption (m3/capita)
Fuelwood consumption per rural inhabitant (m3/inhabitant)
Pellets consumption per inhabitant (kg/inhabitant)
S1/Net Annual Increments
Share of Total Roundwood supply directly used for energy purposes (%)
Share of energy use in calculated domestic consumption of woody biomass (%)
Share of woody biomass in TPES (%) (from TJ)
Share of woody biomass in RES (%) (from TJ)
Share of wood energy generated from black liquor (%) (heating value)
Imported wood fuel as share of wood energy (%)
1-S1-U1
1-S1-U2
1-S1-U3
1-S1-U4
1-S2-U1
1-S2-U2
1-S2-U3
1-S2-U4
1-S3-U1
1-S3-U2
1-S3-U3
1-S3-U4
1-S4-U1
1-S4-U2
1-S4-U3
1-S4-U4
Total domestic woody biomass supply (including cascaded use) (1000 m3)
Total wood energy generation (TJ) (calculation totals*heating value)
Share of woody biomass in TPES (%) (from ktoe)
Share of woody biomass in RES (%) (from ktoe)
Wood fuel imports (1000 m3)
Total Fuelwood (1000 m3)
Total Pellets (mt)
Total S1 (1000 m3)
share of rural population
Renewable energy supply (ktoe)
Total woody biomass from forest (TJ)
Total woody biomass from outside forest (TJ)
Unspecified (TJ)
Chips and Particles (TJ)
Wood Residues (TJ)
Bark (TJ)
Unspecified solid co-products (TJ)
Black Liquor (TJ)
Crude Tall Oil (TJ)
Unspecified liquid co-products (TJ)
Wood Charcoal (TJ)
Wood Pellets (TJ)
Wood Briquettes (TJ)
Pyrolysis Oils (TJ)
Cellulose based Ethanol (TJ)
Wood based Biodiesel (TJ)
Non-hazardous Wood Waste (TJ)
Hazardous Wood Waste (TJ)
Unspecified Wood Waste (TJ)
Wood from Unknown Sources (TJ)
Total wood energy generation (ktoe)
Total primary energy supply, TPES (TJ)
Renewable energy supply, RES (TJ)
Net Annual Increments
SWE
2013-2-FBI-SCP-CAP-DP-1000 m3
2013-2-FBI-SCP-WR-DP-1000 m3
2013-2-FBI-SCP-B-DP-1000 m3
2013-2-FBI-LCP-BL-DP-1000 mt
2013-2-WW-PCRW-NHWW-DP-1000 mt
2013-2-WW-PCRW-HWW-DP-1000 mt
2013-2-WFUS-DP-1000 m3
2013-3-WC-DP-1000 mt
2013-3-WP-DP-1000 mt
2013-3-WB-DP-1000 mt
2013-3-PO-DP-million litre
2013-3-CBE-DP-million litre
2013-3-WBB-DP-million litre
2013-2-FBI-SCP-CAP-I-1000 m3
2013-2-FBI-SCP-WR-I-1000 m3
2013-2-FBI-SCP-B-I-1000 m3
2013-2-FBI-LCP-TO-I-1000 mt
2013-2-WW-PCRW-NHWW-I-1000 mt
2013-2-WW-PCRW-HWW-I-1000 mt
2013-2-WFUS-I-1000 m3
2013-3-WC-I-1000 mt
2013-3-WP-I-1000 mt
2013-3-WB-I-1000 mt
2013-3-PO-I-million litre
2013-3-CBE-I-million litre
2013-3-WBB-I-million litre
2013-2-FBI-SCP-CAP-E-1000 m3
2013-2-FBI-SCP-WR-E-1000 m3
2013-2-FBI-SCP-B-E-1000 m3
2013-2-FBI-LCP-TO-E-1000 mt
2013-2-WW-PCRW-NHWW-E-1000 mt
2013-2-WW-PCRW-HWW-E-1000 mt
2013-2-WFUS-E-1000 m3
2013-3-WC-E-1000 mt
2013-3-WP-E-1000 mt
2013-3-WB-E-1000 mt
2013-3-PO-E-million litre
2013-3-CBE-E-million litre
2013-3-WBB-E-million litre
SUM biomass domestic production
SUM biomass Import
SUM biomass Export
for the derived sheet
Country
S1
S2
S3
S4
U1
U2
U3
U4
% S1
% S2
% S3
% S4
% U1
% U2
% U3
% U4
Tot S-U
why change from BL DP to TO I
Armenia
2992192
0.3683189448
1537.774
2592.224
1723.9407053194
2900.3608961498
0.067482287
1545.7157053194
311.0662984027
0.516583062
2.3482611532
n/a
4.8788323886
59.6%
0.896617674
10.7%
158.9%
0.0%
68.2%
0
0
1545.6141007194
0
0
0
0.1016046
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
165.2386845586
13023.7237815262
0.1072748044
1.5896735147
1053.5998669
2587974
0
1545.6141007194
1102081
195.7229865291
13023.2157585262
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.508023
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1545.6141007194
0.1016046
0
0
0
0
1545.7157053194
0
0.999934267
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
1545.7157053194
311
121432.31
8194.53
360
178.225
0
0
87.0246628571
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
63.4284892086
14.6762589928
0
0
0
0
0
0.1861344
0
0.0055071
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.082368
0
0
0
0
0
87.0246628571
78.2963897014
0.082368
Austria
8486962
0.3414881556
18271.4737705391
26535.1137705391
43881.975818449
33220.8980605713
0.3007626412
23656.130318449
4806.0936327428
2.7873496215
2.0118128616
101.8809793186
0.3232221808
29.9%
0.5390853506
14.5%
48.1%
8.2%
9.4%
0
0
7374.1572160822
569.8107918113
6247.3121591351
6574.2487757795
1838.1219495077
1052.4794261332
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13768.2114493624
201221.528215675
0.1433350784
0.4765720831
2215.25545224
5830630
864660
7943.9680078935
2898197
9991.6050444253
60241.6918736218
6693.5213192913
0
49708.8061852649
39664.6485893032
9192.6982864903
6352.8302129206
16425.1261809672
0
0
377.8987823
11636.8961308711
927.4106546443
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7943.9680078935
15712.1623105555
0
0
6247.3121591351
6574.2487757795
9212.2791655899
1622.2902179446
0.335810122
66.4%
0.0%
0.0%
26.4%
27.8%
38.9%
6.9%
23656.130318449
4,762
1390892.56
418328.52
25136
20225.8455
3545
2588
890.8216765824
2545.97625
0
0
0
7.9488
2453.1
0
0
0
0
1522.78
691.88
0
0
0
0
0
73.152
982.923
279.05099416
0
0
0
249.87
277.77
0
0
0
0
0
10.3104
1231.14
43.33087138
0
0
0
12030.8467265824
3549.78599416
1812.42127138
Azerbaijan
9497496
0.454936438
422
422
1950.5786446043
13880.3969618802
0.0183578279
416.1942446043
81.7659724563
0.0438214709
0.0976680707
0.010529091
n/a
91.5%
0.2133696305
0.6%
32.1%
0.0%
0.2%
0
3
285
98.1942446043
0
0
24
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
29.7182
3423.3777348
0.006035515
0.3287706511
0.66
422000
100
386.1942446043
4320757
254.8139390465
3273.3777348
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
150
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
386.1942446043
30
0
0
0
3
309
104.1942446043
0.9279182728
7.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.7%
74.2%
25.0%
416.1942446043
84
581144.46
10668.55
…
1534.3844
0.1
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
28.8
0.255
0
0
0
0
0.06
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.6336
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2304
0
0
0
0
0
29.255
0.6936
0.2304
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3823533
0.6060549235
4675
3884
2168.0214784003
6454.0040126111
0.1241962363
1454.5704784003
293.0124124076
0.3804257681
0.3378974665
3.9230732414
n/a
26.3%
0.6709206956
4.5%
36.6%
15.2%
0.1%
0
0
1021
0
0
333.7688466937
56.074828984
43.7268027226
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
831.7500952381
12267.8436826819
0.0453654989
0.3652727345
1
783000
15000
1021
2317271
801.5630075475
6597.4928244894
2005.3681893084
0
0
0
0
1422.1146288841
1859.871
0
0
141
241.99704
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1021
433.5704784003
0
0
0
333.7688466937
1077.074828984
43.7268027226
0.7019254241
29.8%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
22.9%
74.0%
3.0%
1454.5704784003
293
270216.24
33559.84
…
713.451
40
80
130.3914285714
171
390.5333333333
1.5833333333
0
144
469.2
205.092
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22
46
0
0
0
0
0
115.2
430.95
189.9
0
0
0
1631.8000952381
4
804.05
Canada
35230612
0.1850274699
151977.913
149823.128916
185202.37852
253197.895051113
0.1886562053
85191.08772
15790.8346116891
2.4180984344
0.5906258538
23.7118764783
0.0084768056
2.2%
0.4599891665
6.2%
33.1%
33.2%
9.2%
0
0
3297.3621103117
0
0
57459.7601918465
8031.08772
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16402.8776978417
0
116242.305627248
661130.6635222
0.0677258127
0.3589906446
7823.913090288
3850072
835383.92
3297.3621103117
6518631
47767.3540651572
27783.298675
0
0
0
247734
0
0
219643.2
0
0
36495.6786
6354.4862472
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
123120
3297.3621103117
65490.8479118465
0
16402.8776978417
0
57459.7601918465
27731.3275281535
0
0.038705482
76.9%
0.0%
19.3%
0.0%
67.4%
32.6%
0.0%
85191.08772
17,148
10600889.47
1999923.58
442030
100011.2908
25774.4
37459
5029.7764707514
19611
73.4903125
0
16402.8776978417
0
6255.15
0
0
36.9097861552
0
3231.192
201.8270775
0
0
0
0
0
7460.02368
57.6685764
0
0
0
0
943.2336
219.5995935
0
0
0
0
0
5.5872
4182.5895804
0
0
0
0
110642.604267248
10950.7113339
5351.0099739
Croatia
4271497
0.418182197
5437
4380
4369.5211757868
7719.5270851247
0.1642248128
2112.5316757868
519.0756588241
0.4945647102
0.4848107559
5.8527490479
0.1903471553
38.2%
0.4834698336
6.7%
40.9%
0.0%
1.6%
55.7849139128
48.3469253911
1556.3990981682
13.016479913
70.6608909563
76.2393823475
87.7773725261
1.8191125717
22.9625
179.525
0
0
0
0
0
0
395.8028571429
21732.6596836465
0.0550849155
0.3354238286
34.272
866000
25000
1673.5474173851
1786264
1267.737890513
17421.3571141898
0
0
0
0
0
1529.2080133567
0
0
0
150
468.4396913
203.669431
0
0
0
1959.9854338
0
0
0
1673.5474173851
236.4967584016
202.4875
0
149.4083048691
304.1113077387
1644.1764706943
14.8355924847
0.7921999166
11.2%
9.6%
0.0%
7.1%
14.4%
77.8%
0.7%
2112.5316757868
425
323201.16
53077.65
9991
2256.9895
400
530
147.0428571429
0
0
0
0
34.56
464.1
63.3
0
0
0
2
7
0
0
0
0
0
17.28
5.1
4.22
0
0
0
375
431
0
0
0
0
0
23.04
405.45
44.31
0
0
0
1639.0028571429
35.6
1278.8
Cyprus
1141652
0.3285344396
22.43
24.1
326.8231707866
1930.6510939142
0.0695351498
88.2515707866
11.8783704858
0.077301639
0.019276299
0.56935038
0.0771631499
48.7%
0.2700285007
0.6%
8.8%
0.0%
81.5%
0
0
11.7482014388
0
0
2.2326139089
34.1282534388
40.142502
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
82.7705714286
497.3236154987
0.0092010799
0.1323227161
71.9049
7230
650
11.7482014388
375072
134.2481131174
21.7416940904
77.2476733342
0
0
25.1161020022
0
0
0
0
0
360
13.2181460719
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11.7482014388
76.5033693477
0
0
0
2.2326139089
45.8764548777
40.142502
0.1331217262
86.7%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
2.5%
52.0%
45.5%
88.2515707866
18
80832.5
5620.7
38
238.5716
1.82
4.25
0.8090714286
0
0
0
0
6.912
0
0
0
0
0
0.03
1.34
0
0
0
0
0
66.0672
1.6575
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1152
0
0
0
0
0
13.7910714286
69.0947
0.1152
Czech Republic
10545314
0.2734111094
19049
17083
18883.9251080889
41951.139056081
0.0851551149
10414.5211080889
2112.1989162364
0.9875970605
1.3408684638
6.4483618032
0.1902819612
36.3%
0.5515019281
5.0%
59.1%
16.7%
3.1%
0
446.0431654676
5755.3956834532
0
1292.5659472422
2304.4329575133
441.502
131.8944844125
0
42.68687
0
0
0
0
0
0
3686.6407142857
88433.5442249875
0.0499707307
0.5868200731
321.186
3866000
68000
6201.4388489209
2883206
3572.3540651572
32572.1290648
16164.82832
3515.8501596
7961.1779476
8405.7107264
1190.693739
0
14778.96
0
0
600
1160.9157567
1670.0893342
0
0
0
0
0
413.1891766875
0
6201.4388489209
4170.395389168
42.68687
0
1292.5659472422
2793.162992981
6196.8976834532
131.8944844125
0.5954607787
40.0%
0.4%
0.0%
12.4%
26.8%
59.5%
1.3%
10414.5211080889
2,096
1756410.29
149567.32
23086
8469.404
733
668
573.5007142857
1330
0
0
0
34.56
415.65
253.2
0
0
0
293
124
0
0
0
0
0
92.16
91.8
78.07
0
0
0
356
180
0
0
0
0
0
5.76
334.05
124.49
0
0
0
4007.9107142857
679.03
1000.3
Denmark
5624293
0.1266470292
4240
4469
17054.5663044086
17446.400114646
0.2508548477
10684.7042044086
2184.7098503523
1.8997417461
3.8761757686
408.5846878888
0.7485071608
100.0%
0.6265010798
12.5%
49.9%
0.0%
61.7%
3410.071942446
1057.5539568345
0
0
3213.5373804353
0
2754.3679136691
36.2480110237
212.925
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7191.4619304814
91469.43201455
0.1232755158
0.4914217003
6597.19140503
2761000
2298000
4467.6258992806
712300
4376.5140441387
32168.0083568
5475.8355934
0
5031.3028146
969.8896992
932.71009555
0
0
0
0
390
42526.1771928
1914.4926514
0
0
0
2061.0156108
0
0
0
4467.6258992806
6004.153305128
212.925
0
6836.5343228814
1057.5539568345
2754.3679136691
36.2480110237
0.4181328574
56.2%
2.0%
0.0%
64.0%
9.9%
25.8%
0.3%
10684.7042044086
2,151
730445.88
183235.89
5796
6369.8621
400
100
111.9047619048
0
257.385
45.8566666667
0
0
234.6
34.2664
0
0
0
205
29
0
0
0
0
0
86.4
5895.6
183.57866577
0
0
0
8
15
0
0
43.9383333333
45.8566666667
0
5.76
270.3
3.27456386
0
0
0
1184.0128285714
6399.57866577
392.12956386
Estonia
1320050
0.31476838
8967.6
6185.93
12152.4894381298
6093.468042419
0.1396628475
4972.4484381298
1009.2534106724
3.7668637083
8.0315515872
32.5945229347
0.2733725073
44.8%
0.4091711796
16.6%
118.6%
4.1%
3.4%
1164.6
31
1540
34
768.81664
785.6486941007
598.8783040291
17.1068
32.398
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3655.3530024286
42255.4217980334
0.1642577629
1.1761020619
169.106759931
3337190
43026.4000000001
2769.6
415510
851.0310977357
22704.4753063463
631.943757135
0
3892.7735439516
9976.2854459712
2173.2037443725
0
1733.472
0
0
16.356
618.340392516
194.9739383327
0
0
0
313.597669408
0
0
0
2769.6
2170.4504381298
32.398
0
1965.81464
816.6486941007
2138.8783040291
51.1068
0.5569891844
43.6%
0.7%
0.0%
39.5%
16.4%
43.0%
1.0%
4972.4484381298
1,001
255121.32
35630.97
11201
7180.041
1856.7224827586
1517.7772413793
306.2988
155.674125
80.6852433333
4.972435
0
17.28
1556.53632
41.653299
0
0
0
94.32
63.41
0
0
0.0531666667
0
0
30.5856
115.668
11.178577229
0
0
0
529.2
23.95
0
0
0
4.3142133333
0
44.5248
1562.487
32.986274605
0
0
0
5537.5999464713
315.2153438957
2197.4622879383
Finland
5453061
0.1596904931
60938.4
66824.39
69506.7019135925
33040.3940957294
0.2998949091
38661.7770135925
8077.1131336672
7.0899219748
13.2928266127
46.1942384287
0.1745242015
20.9%
0.5562309238
24.4%
81.5%
41.6%
0.6%
5895.4084167586
920.8324455774
6067.5659867466
1097.9272952162
4483.0110880273
19497.2134115003
14.8332
125.18256
533.0948222416
26.64084218
0
0.0669453445
0
0
0
0
37799.4954464609
338172.572680378
0.235535702
0.7853941326
234.91844
11575420
251900
13981.7341442989
870802
9908.645982612
117808.92808548
0
0
7481.6870364
16531.6244616
42214.848084
0
140700.557
4349.41932
0
74.166
3592.7121060983
0
0
0
0
5197.2701868
221.3604
0
0
13981.7341442989
24120.2402595276
559.802609766
0
10911.5143270275
20444.6866992577
6082.3991867466
1223.1768005607
0.3616423047
62.4%
1.4%
0.0%
28.2%
52.9%
15.7%
3.2%
38661.7770135925
7,782
1383335.22
414855.19
91038
30844.9249
7923
5307
7392.4285714286
12662.0770338373
568.4066666667
106.9193745284
0
0
688.5
0
0
0
0
3145.06
412.49
0
0
0
0
0
15.552
153.357
0
0
0
0
171.64
203.74
0
0
0
0
0
0.4032
199.512
0
0
0
0
34648.3316464609
3726.459
575.2952
France
63844529
0.2109123399
51671.17
47563.23
108806.164655687
253323.417884781
0.0920604897
46626.9626556867
11339.1506209153
0.7303204109
1.4528295399
13.0003308506
0.2587215099
57.6%
0.4285323612
4.5%
48.6%
7.3%
1.9%
585.7843137255
3110.1960784314
23694.4444444444
0
764.3652611476
5497.5884693697
7584.7822683926
1616.2280701754
1366.26875
946.055
1461.25
0
0
0
0
0
43994.8195392857
474747.55819648
0.0370494649
0.4024469672
872.602
19563220
830000
27390.4248366013
13465599
23321.0779115315
221404.60199019
59587.5983946
4578.68762164
0
34519.99087736
48758.90861205
14891.8480898
34822.23
0
0
3270
15552.19775116
835.0446671
0
0
0
36526.45019258
0
0
0
27390.4248366013
15462.9640690854
3773.57375
0
2716.4183248731
9553.8395478011
32740.4767128371
1616.2280701754
0.587437467
33.2%
8.1%
0.0%
5.8%
20.5%
70.2%
3.5%
46626.9626556867
9,385
10606144.86
976406.89
94367
62179.202
6047.14
8313
10395.9523809524
4662.122625
12000
1500
0
259.2
2269.5
94.95
0
0
0
259.68
688.62
0
0
0
0
0
520.6464
234.6
0
0
0
0
360.64
721.81
0
0
1666.6666666667
0
0
113.8752
387.6
0
0
0
0
45541.8650059524
1703.5464
3250.5918666667
Germany
80565861
0.2578364054
57947.1529965977
63312.0205528489
153773.237622473
317658.472102799
0.1049801909
65910.817822473
14849.4432185593
0.8180985967
0.5671015824
23.9284789078
0.2842118324
49.8%
0.4286234643
4.7%
44.5%
4.1%
5.3%
2373.1143395391
6351.4777929077
22776.5186023483
0
2290.5815485065
10441.0978220598
6683.5947892832
0
3151.5204990355
8434.8284994158
1868.8425519875
0
68.6965383683
183.8615740615
1286.6832649597
0
42797.979152203
621716.488674643
0.0417653775
0.3978405554
3490.8644290754
11780294.5562512
1927818.50562406
31501.1107347951
20772812
33347.8470430878
263310.376626748
47459.6596047539
0
16607.6359817656
43950.8621706822
32470.8017754822
7738.3795812233
25455.8814660475
0
0
5862.7433621751
25200.2988030025
12651.8973802005
0
0
0
0
0
125681.85814495
15326.0937776118
31501.1107347951
19415.2741598495
13455.1915504389
1539.2413773895
7883.9129254494
25411.2656884449
32615.6392085788
0
0.4779353644
29.5%
20.4%
2.3%
12.0%
38.6%
49.5%
0.0%
65910.817822473
13,267
13299724.91
1396207.66
107000
87862.4198
10184.0064
3299.216
2125.4749757028
4677.313
5954.9866004023
5954.9866004023
0
11.52
5629.1709
2327.9376137098
0
0
0
992.4313437226
2178.0358625232
0
0
721.6666666667
721.6666666667
0
1256.4840999583
987.6004751782
499.0540245368
0
0
0
1277.2728086778
1350.5281631465
0
0
143.3333333333
143.3333333333
0
70.5075834289
1700.8341858368
37.7626695098
0
0
0
40164.6120902172
7356.9391392524
4723.5720772665
Hungary
9924507
0.2978461298
6027.202
5013.957
5721.35098
22560.037021114
0.0827323138
2617.05068
526.3632573787
0.2636957866
0.8840315348
-0.2471659298
0.267548264
52.1%
0.4574183072
2.3%
28.2%
0.0%
4.6%
0
0
0
2613.176
0
0
3.87468
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
580.8588659524
22037.7768599335
0.0233503007
0.2822391837
120.535674
2613176
-2453
2613.176
2955976
1866.444062291
22018.4034599335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19.3734
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2613.176
3.87468
0
0
0
0
3.87468
2613.176
0.9985194479
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
99.9%
2617.05068
527
944543.63
78144.28
11099
3104.3003
375.797
129.931
168.3256992857
0
52.5083333333
2.0033333333
0
0
11.26845
3.65874
0
0
0
117.11
122.723
0
0
0
0
0
4.14144
21.6852
17.09311
0
0
0
216.09
139.027
0
0
0
0
0
0.18432
39.2088
50.87632
0
0
0
743.4925559524
282.75275
445.38644
Iceland
325392
0.0613475439
3.64
4.96
318.8241446043
5885.1399636954
0.8959532066
112.9244446043
22.1808650138
0.3470412444
0.0826570484
n/a
0.6932076716
191.9%
0.354190379
0.4%
0.4%
0.0%
5.6%
4.7961630695
0
2.3600959233
2.3600959233
0
0
5.2452
85.1366906475
0
0
0
12.525
0
0
0.5011990408
0
97.816647619
928.6684563971
0.0038623473
0.0043108806
6.35
1650
0
9.5163549161
19962
5272.8100219738
80.1840143985
0
0
626.3870974
40.4120708
0
0
0
0
0
56.226
0
0
0
0
0
121.2362124
0
0
4.2230613986
9.5163549161
90.3818906475
12.525
0.5011990408
4.7961630695
0
8.106494964
100.0217865707
0.0842718771
80.0%
11.1%
0.4%
4.2%
0.0%
7.2%
88.6%
112.9244446043
23
246399.04
220762.01
15.6
205.8997
0
0
0.1665142857
0
13.3333333333
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
74.56
4.4
0
0
0
0
0
5.3568
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13.499847619
84.3168
0
Ireland
4671263
0.3698098352
2756
2651.26
4194.6986725851
13060.0599503201
0.0651468761
1687.9100725851
351.1607827267
0.3613391223
0.1213328787
15.6274652059
0.063599063
11.5%
0.4023912572
2.7%
41.3%
0.0%
6.5%
95.9232613909
0
208.6330935252
0
247.4734628297
809.0002548393
41.19
35.19
0
250.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
1595.3873714286
14702.3996512
0.0260150274
0.399328854
109.356
209600
73000
304.5563549161
1727479
850.8221075762
2525.754425
40.4120708
0
4748.418319
2020.60354
1547.9018607
0
0
0
0
30
1364.5851877
0
0
0
0
2424.724248
0
0
0
304.5563549161
1132.853717669
250.5
0
343.3967242206
1059.5002548393
249.8230935252
35.19
0.1804339934
67.1%
14.8%
0.0%
20.3%
62.8%
14.8%
2.1%
1687.9100725851
340
546798.59
35622.22
5356
2506.7886
552.4
178.95
185.7619047619
0
416.6666666667
0
0
0
81.6
0
0
0
0
23.25
85.32
0
0
0
0
0
6.048
104.55
0
0
0
0
13.11
25.07
0
0
0
0
0
0.9792
0
0
0
0
0
1415.3785714286
219.168
39.1592
Luxembourg
544885
0.1015425273
399
796
1832.5415243166
3972.1300277061
0.0393791196
398.5114243165
79.7658530768
0.7313679479
2.2411393663
75.2452352331
0.3568320169
25.6%
0.2174637895
2.0%
51.0%
0.0%
10.1%
0
0
201.8824940048
2.2254196643
33.5923261391
151.5443645084
9.26682
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
759.1452571429
3339.636736618
0.0201947031
0.5128276936
40.358
124000
41000
204.1079136691
55329
156.4189834719
1719.7962910002
0
0
1559.9463449508
0
0
0
0
0
0
27.918
31.976100667
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
204.1079136691
194.4035106475
0
0
33.5923261391
151.5443645084
211.1493140048
2.2254196643
0.5121758153
48.8%
0.0%
0.0%
8.4%
38.0%
53.0%
0.6%
398.5114243165
80
166305.14
6548.95
650
1434.0301
422.46
98.5
26.7228571429
0
0
0
0
0
114.75
0
0
0
0
193.98
29.15
0
0
0
0
0
7.0272
7.65
0
0
0
0
33.99
87.93
0
0
0
0
0
1.3248
17.85
0
0
0
0
662.4328571429
237.8072
141.0948
Netherlands
16809157
0.106972051
1847
1549
14926.0630133392
77391.4751122576
0.0427808239
4134.7830133392
893.6837112938
0.2459839606
0.1735155246
44.6185373841
0.1574497977
62.1%
0.2770176576
1.2%
27.0%
0.0%
51.1%
136.9565217391
0
770.4462516943
54.347826087
1541.322
212.4183217472
222.33
110.4797391304
872.3294117647
0
214.1529411765
0
0
0
0
0
4555.6560685714
37416.74962445
0.0107542407
0.2513799336
2111.42
312000
750000
961.7505995204
1798110
3310.871070985
2626.784602
6041.6045846
0
0
2202.4578586
297.67343475
0
0
0
0
960
14053.190739
61.1008293
0
0
0
11173.9375762
0
0
0
961.7505995204
2086.5500608777
1086.4823529412
0
2550.6079335038
212.4183217472
1206.9291928708
164.8275652174
0.2326000171
50.5%
26.3%
0.0%
61.7%
5.1%
29.2%
4.0%
4134.7830133392
832
3240226.28
138619.55
2250
10791.28
74
791
141
0
2203.3333333333
101.6666666667
0
0
573.75
45.154
0
0
0
131
442
0
0
16.6666666667
0
0
247.68
1963.5
0
0
0
0
105
514
44.7619047619
0
706.6666666667
101.6666666667
0
40.32
624.75
37.92936
0
0
0
3929.904
2800.8466666667
2175.0945980952
Norway
5083450
0.1990022524
11598.29
9733.85
12991.4488158273
32706.4490780548
0.3848327241
5580.5725158273
1116.7868070431
1.0977923489
2.6587605203
19.3175894324
0.1397547288
27.6%
0.4295573646
3.4%
8.9%
9.1%
8.6%
0
0
2690.6474820144
0
0
1621.2339040767
486.5908
0
0
0
110.6375
0
671.4628297362
0
0
0
4223.7006166667
46757.63003728
0.0343451576
0.0892469778
482.4968
2689650
98200
2690.6474820144
1011618
12586.5118945257
22671.1717188
0
0
0
0
0
9450.36275658
4264.23
0
0
1056.654
2016.3273669
570.2744068
0
0
0
1070.9198762
0
0
5657.689912
2690.6474820144
2107.8247040767
110.6375
671.4628297362
671.4628297362
1621.2339040767
3287.8757820144
0
0.4821454205
37.8%
2.0%
12.0%
12.0%
29.1%
58.9%
0.0%
5580.5725158273
1,123
1369353.61
526972.08
21878
7410.8763
330
1740
326.77925
848.5875
1787.1383333333
55.5966666667
0
0
124.695
63.3
0
0
0
315.04
182.11
0
0
0
0
0
221.4144
129.54
10.55
0
0
0
142.67
982.94
0
0
738.7533333333
26.725
0
5.5872
3.825
10.55
0
0
0
5276.09675
858.6544
1911.0505333333
Republic of Moldova
4073714
0.4718512394
1829
1865.19
2285.1124
3069.8258813414
0.0958989545
1877.83
377.4509673802
0.4609626498
0.6799546558
n/a
0.0775420389
100.0%
0.8217670168
12.3%
128.2%
0.0%
0.1%
9
561.19
1268
27
0
0
6
6.64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.5496
15803.1171022743
0.1231296607
1.2839520653
2.76
1307000
0
1865.19
1922187
294.3930925767
15715.9356849417
0
0
0
58.9814173326
0
0
0
0
0
28.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1865.19
12.64
0
0
9
561.19
1274
33.64
0.9932688263
0.7%
0.0%
0.0%
0.5%
29.9%
67.8%
1.8%
1877.83
378
128527.47
12325.65
27334
407.2824
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.6496
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
2.6496
0.1
Serbia
8937605
0.474877442
7690
7758
10345.652426373
14890.5780070698
0.1288145369
7295.213426373
1379.2498924799
0.8162380667
1.2885617234
7.7201890216
1.2071655645
83.6%
0.7051477399
9.3%
71.9%
0.0%
0.3%
9
284.5445563549
5857
333.6043165468
4.692
495.0036457975
161.2500815348
110.4563261391
0
0
39.6625
0
0
0
0
0
1061.0669761905
57746.43449835
0.098615822
0.7655643869
19.3815
5469000
69000
6484.1488729017
4244267
1918.1229100984
44392.6597738
6546.7554696
0
313.1935487
2000.3975046
2163.09362585
0
0
0
0
480
1283.1174153
183.3024879
0
0
0
363.7086372
20.2060354
0
0
6484.1488729017
771.4020534714
39.6625
0
13.692
779.5482021524
6057.9125815348
444.0606426859
0.888822368
10.6%
0.5%
0.0%
0.2%
10.7%
83.0%
6.1%
7295.213426373
1,468
623438.72
80307.97
5232
3050.439
164
298
260.4471428571
0
36.6666666667
1.6666666667
0
155.52
425.85
44.31
0
0
0
15
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
7.65
0.3165
0
0
0
4
9
0
0
0
0
0
57.6
257.55
23.21
0
0
0
1386.4604761905
25.9665
351.36
Slovenia
2064819
0.5041027809
3685.176
2709.328
4901.565487214
6845.7358842075
0.1646803069
2890.036587214
711.5602618673
1.399656138
0.9820190781
67.4955044486
0.1963284942
68.4%
0.5896150107
10.4%
63.1%
0.0%
22.6%
0
0
1853.4285714286
0
196.19
424.4366666667
353.2226517867
0
0
0
0
13.6459875
0
0
49.1127098321
0
843.9776104762
29791.6050438597
0.0849773834
0.5160142398
651.749662
1022165
139366
1853.4285714286
1040881
1127.3578866915
17917.095709888
3055.15255248
0
183.87492214
0
0
5266.9698466773
0
0
0
80.0598
2611.3826407086
131.163113564
0
0
0
132.0868534098
0
0
413.819604992
1853.4285714286
973.8493184533
13.6459875
49.1127098321
196.19
424.4366666667
2255.7639330474
13.6459875
0.6413166462
33.7%
0.5%
1.7%
6.8%
14.7%
78.1%
0.5%
2890.036587214
582
286617.27
47200.22
9165
2011.5289
170
340
30.3186704762
0
87.7883333333
0.1283333333
0
5.76
229.5
10.55
0
0
0
258.397
164.013
0
0
0.12
0
0
15.54048
303.31485
101.28
0
0
0
335.75
256.092
0
0
1.4516666667
0
0
4.94784
177.43155
97.06
0
0
0
874.0453371429
842.66533
872.7330566667
Sweden
9624247
0.1440576078
69079.5
76185.08
88913.7111321343
49264.7009649374
0.3467390974
50514.3837321343
10487.060081862
5.2486582828
4.6005397974
201.2250932463
0.0522785326
19.7%
0.5681281671
21.3%
61.4%
44.2%
4.7%
10091.1270983213
0
4376.4988009592
503.5971223022
2629.645822542
28984.3669880096
1312.9884
777.072
1839.0875
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
46720.7879047619
439072.2315074
0.2063950898
0.5952460837
2358.7869
6378400
1936640
14971.2230215827
1386446
17081.9979459253
37401.3715254
0
88744.9074768
0
0
0
56677.929297
193946.07
3542.4
0
875.892
40082.1440208
0
0
0
0
17801.5171874
0
0
0
14971.2230215827
33704.0732105516
1839.0875
0
14559.8604208633
28984.3669880096
5689.4872009592
1280.6691223022
0.2963754463
66.7%
3.6%
0.0%
28.8%
57.4%
11.3%
2.5%
50514.3837321343
10,168
2062614.5
715189.09
96486
38399.3274
14845.61
4154.39
2557.6419714286
16522.875
1833.3333333333
0
0
4.032
3535.4985
0
0
0
0
1096.64
786.37
0
0
0
0
0
182.016
1817.2575
0
0
0
0
157
36.41
0
0
0
0
0
7.1424
414.324
0
0
0
0
43453.3808047619
3882.2835
614.8764
Switzerland
8118719
0.2608140521
6004.1854007861
5515.2454007861
11777.3010861311
26727.4648896532
0.2027418589
5043.224386131
1279.1542917869
0.6211847443
1.1642235382
25.0336252039
0.448955452
50.3%
0.4282156285
4.8%
23.6%
0.0%
6.3%
915.7631828456
78.6574079416
1332.9143320645
448.8086086723
146.8816647832
637.9419902785
439.1303006282
78.3712220015
678.9561957267
278.6068275579
0.2117995578
6.9808540733
0
0
0
0
3587.0092574433
53555.6318885321
0.0379813745
0.1873385924
319.53286
2465215.4007861
203240.968581722
2776.143531524
2117476
5418.7759147798
27372.537678692
3808.847371797
0
0
7728.5978040094
607.1378642844
0
0
0
0
340.374
3806.1605783613
191.1233940504
0
74.242155309
0
8889.5667509154
737.0442911131
0
0
2776.143531524
1302.3251776914
964.7556769156
0
1741.6010433556
995.206225778
1772.2564322504
534.1606847471
0.5504699611
25.8%
19.1%
0.0%
34.5%
19.7%
35.1%
10.6%
5043.224386131
1,015
1119025.5
226873.31
6232
6734.0767
0
1101.63
475.5952380952
0
1699.2910294067
144.7991731814
0
0.6336
309.9804698834
19.412
0
0
0
517.79
97.35
16.7857142857
0
8.5390946502
0
0
69.2352
215.1435
4.22
0
29.5573567531
0
108.25
34.52
110.7857142857
0
791.2757201646
68.8065843621
0
0.3456
6.8595
2.11
0
0
0
3751.3415105667
958.620865689
1122.9531188125
North Macedonia
2072543
0.4373742788
691
723.05
961.6776505995
2796.8450845514
0.1048981834
564.5363505995
113.3634834975
0.2723882451
0.6288631703
-0.4487241037
0.3928926546
77.7%
0.5870328277
4.1%
38.6%
0.0%
0.9%
0
21.019
513.9064748201
26.5652757794
0
0
3.0456
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
27.9227214286
4746.3023270722
0.0406297035
0.387325139
5.22768
570050
-930
561.4907505995
906477
293.3839686634
4731.0743270722
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15.228
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
561.4907505995
3.0456
0
0
0
21.019
516.9520748201
26.5652757794
0.9946051304
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
3.7%
91.6%
4.7%
564.5363505995
114
117098.31
12283.4
1624
397.1413
0
0
24.2738214286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.07
3.52
0
0
0
0
0
3.1104
0.204
0
0
0
0
0
0.68
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.5755
0
0
0
0
24.2738214286
6.9044
3.2555
United Kingdom
63955654
0.1767883571
12658.1586330993
12120.2054957294
52221.4882605564
190952.489968472
0.0529768063
13364.4479605564
2671.1876059999
0.208964292
0.1070663199
56.8701521526
0.148809153
31.5%
0.2559185578
1.4%
26.4%
0.0%
65.2%
408.8126618705
163.8061147141
3240.5759441074
0
6605.3595155151
1806.579132122
630
235.2300172272
274.084575
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
17985.4737351786
111837.282688005
0.0140878867
0.2659255573
8709.9793917731
1210557.65863855
3637167.774
3813.194720692
11306615
10116.0530715582
22840.1960224949
9289.4652905915
0
21843.3679858059
13394.6827616553
0
1307.2870784579
0
1886.282613
0
3150
35472.9889000503
0
0
0
0
2653.0120359492
0
0
0
3813.194720692
9277.1686648643
274.084575
0
7288.2567523856
1970.3852468361
3870.5759441074
235.2300172272
0.2853237733
69.4%
2.1%
0.0%
54.5%
14.7%
29.0%
1.8%
13364.4479605564
2,690
7994798.85
423538.91
20700
38857.0403
2314.64101819
771.5470060633
1173.3722044423
0
3823.77
19.49
0
28.8
903.6435
0
0
0
0
134.5085118343
0
0
19.297331
0
0
0
630.8504823911
8640.8347677
0
0
0
0
185.85248
0
0
1.164471
0
0
0
18.5636914424
269.700444
0
0
0
0
9035.2637286956
9425.4910929254
475.2810864424
United States
317135919
0.1889480043
334019
318317.1
559411.549116612
2188362.73502436
0.0644869667
193605.127116612
46428.591996256
0.6104799725
0.6706880033
9.2811940359
0.060012394
12.6%
0.3460871114
2.1%
32.9%
47.6%
0.5%
0
0
40189.1
0
12920.2509212476
119835.886246355
11502.119088
5544.136881998
3613.6339790115
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
228878.74074673
1943872.28969924
0.0178081045
0.2761504447
983.5304
40189100
2943400
40189.1
59922199
141120.874892519
397910.564874129
0
0
0
247638.540913368
258103.093714601
0
924342.967587258
0
0
25746.6
55152.2154948968
0
0
0
0
34978.3071149933
0
0
0
40189.1
149802.393137601
3613.6339790115
0
16533.884900259
119835.886246355
51691.219088
5544.136881998
0.207582829
77.4%
1.9%
0.0%
8.5%
61.9%
26.7%
2.9%
193605.127116612
38,971
91622370.99
5908448.79
761000
365806.422
14500
81975.0903811625
38317.5568829635
83184.2123458655
3606.421136738
0
0
4907.52
14535
0
0
0
0
85.5
137.5
0
0
0
0
0
489.6
388.62
0
0
0
0
5623.6
68.49
0
0
0
0
0
138.24
7417.95
0
0
0
0
241025.80074673
1101.22
13248.28
JWEE total
686138926
0.2
843444.1
838040.4
1,390,603.31
3627302.7
0.1
581422.3
127823.2
0.8
0.9
24.8
0.097690442
0.2
0.42
3.5%
37.9%
29.5%
6.7%
25156.1
13077.7
137430.6
5824.6
43456.3
257950.6
43325.5
10053.5
12597.3
10158.8
3694.8
33.2
740.2
183.9
17739.2
0.0
581565.6
5351699.9
3.2%
34.7%
38807.9
131791594.6
17047170.6
181489.0
148853524.0
337205.4
1438254.2
166878.2
96839.4
119958.6
676862.8
399652.8
104636.9
1577972.6
9778.1
0.0
80754.9
263239.8
19534.5
0.0
74.2
0.0
125667.3
978.6
126095.0
144521.8
181489.0
354785.9
26484.1
18663.2
81949.8
281371.0
202190.0
15911.4
31.2%
61.0%
4.6%
3.2%
14.1%
48.4%
34.8%
2.7%
581422.3
117,034
151867909.1
14118113.7
1779064.6
809181.0
90654.1
151449.4
70879.4
146370.8
34885.7
7939.7
16402.9
5647.0
41281.3
3206.8
0.0
36.9
0.0
12771.8
6473.7
16.8
19.3
747.0
721.7
0.0
11503.8
22125.9
1188.6
0.0
29.6
0.0
11218.2
5623.7
155.5
1.2
4092.1
390.7
0.0
670.6
19936.9
697.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
568754.027920115
55598.2976719606
42786.6849423617
JWEE 12
257409257
0.2
291122.646801022
311993.973219903
550,481.86
944886.992930162
0.1199857483
256137.666970298
56042.8177461698
1.0
1.1
38.7
0.2133754283
0.4
0.47
5.9%
49.4%
17.5%
7.5%
20374.9332744516
10909.5143959271
76995.3676871501
2955.9735542131
23649.1048486257
75321.2541348401
19102.508714572
4070.3521236765
7843.0123420038
9936.6311691537
3369.9668515453
20.6937869177
68.6965383683
183.8615740615
1335.7959747918
0
210996.124271363
2346400.69339664
5.5%
45.5%
19094.6895350885
65635732.6156759
9974443.24820578
111235.788911742
60260975
113372.972914875
816956.751696405
136558.659747248
93323.59509844
102446.930324027
159836.523811212
136955.390108857
92235.2441060791
411349.864647015
9778.101933
0
14929.0519444751
140647.677780791
14919.9416974593
0
74.242155309
0
73988.3360922544
978.6107265131
125681.85814495
15739.9133826038
111235.8
122143.2
21170.3
1588.4
51935.7
96351.3
100803.6
7047.0
43.4%
47.7%
8.3%
0.6%
20.3%
37.6%
39.4%
2.8%
256137.7
51,558
39560528.62
4746699.63
461400
294344.1948
46170.07741819
26454.4830060633
25515.3466652989
41070.3639088373
26420.9092964757
7727.9901481121
0
480.3264
16641.0933698834
2497.1596137098
0
0
0
8159.5468555569
5137.5688625232
16.7857142857
19.297331
730.3257613169
721.6666666667
0
2842.6190623493
13456.5385928782
883.9215186968
0
29.5573567531
0
2897.3752886778
3002.8701631465
110.7857142857
1.164471
2602.7273868313
212.1399176955
0
286.1151148713
4662.8016798368
203.4735408898
0
0
0
192977.74982657
31997.8277220268
13979.4532772347
JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation)
324274899
0.2
357025.152801022
369478.134219903
644,038.80
1171861.66427821
0.1263479424
302209.855584803
65521.9633846726
0.9
1.1
40.9
0.2151647066
0.4
0.47
5.6%
44.3%
15.8%
4.2331410038
25156.1428156192
13074.6674436204
93659.136873943
5726.4392319157
30536.0077072595
80654.9962413193
23768.2970183803
4503.4037641848
8983.6272537685
10158.8430391537
3694.7572927218
33.2187869177
740.1593681045
183.8615740615
1336.2971738326
0
236414.876075736
2743273.56298947
5.2%
41.1%
29999.8357209495
87330422.6156759
13268286.6482058
137616.386365098
78091937
148062.310117512
1009286.9839287
166878.240191691
96839.44525804
119958.571727579
181490.261029516
141549.671122529
104636.9295049
433986.397647015
9778.101933
0
18362.5973674751
201,733.07
19534.542288492
0
74.242155309
0
90689.0284710624
978.6107265131
126095.047321638
21401.8263560024
137616.4
139462.7
22870.4
2260.3
65415.9
104072.4
122458.5
10263.1
45.5%
46.1%
7.6%
0.7%
21.6%
34.4%
40.5%
3.4%
302209.9
60,832
49063504.16
6199072.8
576034.6
341828.9474
50379.5969009486
32015.1912474426
27532.0551750608
43575.6255338373
31205.8262064757
7939.6692497787
0
710.7264
20490.8931398834
3206.7840527098
0
0
0
9455.0753447656
6134.408121516
16.7857142857
19.297331
747.0455946502
721.6666666667
0
3553.5834367493
21679.6357928782
1188.6173787958
0
29.5573567531
0
4651.3352886778
5335.5671631465
155.5476190476
1.164471
4092.0857201646
390.7024643621
0
526.5738028713
8336.3979798368
697.7900593548
0
0
0
217056.367906137
43545.6727380606
24187.1645684617
2011
2011
Population
Rural Population
Roundwood and Fuelwood removals from forest and outside forest (1000m3)
Roundwood and Fuelwood supply from forest and outside forest including net trade (1000m3)
SWE + (S1 -S4) Total calculated domestic consumption of woody biomass (1000m3)
Total primary energy supply, TPES (ktoe)
Share of renewables (RES) in TPES from ktoe
Total wood energy generation (1000m3)
Total wood energy generation (ktoe) (calculation totals*heating value)
Average wood energy consumption (m3/capita)
Fuelwood consumption per rural inhabitant (m3/inhabitant)
Pellets consumption per inhabitant (kg/inhabitant)
S1/Net Annual Increments
Share of Total Roundwood supply directly used for energy purposes (%)
Share of energy use in calculated domestic consumption of woody biomass (%)
Share of woody biomass in TPES (%) (from TJ)
Share of woody biomass in RES (%) (from TJ)
Share of wood energy generated from black liquor (%) (heating value)
Imported wood fuel as share of wood energy (%)
1-S1-U1
1-S1-U2
1-S1-U3
1-S1-U4
1-S2-U1
1-S2-U2
1-S2-U3
1-S2-U4
1-S3-U1
1-S3-U2
1-S3-U3
1-S3-U4
1-S4-U1
1-S4-U2
1-S4-U3
1-S4-U4
share of rural population
Total domestic woody biomass supply (including cascaded use) (1000 m3)
Renewable energy supply (ktoe)
Total wood energy generation (TJ) (calculation totals*heating value)
Total woody biomass from forest (TJ)
Total woody biomass from outside forest (TJ)
Unspecified (TJ)
Chips and Particles (TJ)
Wood Residues (TJ)
Bark (TJ)
Unspecified solid co-products (TJ)
Black Liquor (TJ)
Crude Tall Oil (TJ)
Unspecified liquid co-products (TJ)
Wood Charcoal (TJ)
Wood Pellets (TJ)
Wood Briquettes (TJ)
Pyrolysis Oils (TJ)
Cellulose based Ethanol (TJ)
Wood based Biodiesel (TJ)
Non-hazardous Wood Waste (TJ)
Hazardous Wood Waste (TJ)
Unspecified Wood Waste (TJ)
Wood from Unknown Sources (TJ)
Share of woody biomass in TPES (%) (from ktoe)
Share of woody biomass in RES (%) (from ktoe)
Wood fuel imports (1000 m3)
Total Fuelwood (1000 m3)
Total Pellets (mt)
Total S1 (1000 m3)
Total wood energy generation (ktoe)
Total primary energy supply, TPES (TJ)
Renewable energy supply, RES (TJ)
Net Annual Increments
SWE
Country
S1
S2
S3
S4
U1
U2
U3
U4
% S1
% S2
% S3
% S4
% U1
% U2
% U3
% U4
Tot S-U
Albania
2831741
0.466
430
373.82
1374.0022307735
2173
0.2655315232
1160.0022307735
233.4499436324
0.4096427713
0.222568911
n/a
2.5802757551
310.3%
0.8442506168
10.7%
40.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0
111.5386760359
892.3094082873
156.1541464503
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1319591.306
41.8736714286
577
9774.08224
8992.1556608
0
781.9265792
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1074531747
0.4046720079
0
293700
0
1160.0022307735
1160.0022307735
0
0
0
0
111.5386760359
892.3094082873
156.1541464503
1
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
9.6%
76.9%
13.5%
1160.0022307735
233
90979.164
24157.836
470
214
Armenia
3024127
0.367
2075.656
2075.646
2338.356
2716
0.0821060383
2074.356
417.4632413858
0.6859354782
1.8690340007
n/a
n/a
99.9%
0.8871001678
15.4%
187.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0
0
2074.356
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1109854.609
70.0176014286
223
17478.3509903404
0
0
17478.3509903404
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1537353282
1.8723997816
0.12
2074356
0
2074.356
2074.356
0
0
0
0
0
2074.356
0
1
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
2074.356
418
113713.488
9336.564
360
264
Austria
8423136
0.323
19418.4060139913
26631.6060139913
45334.2672151528
33019
0.2656652231
23688.2672151528
4837.3648559324
2.8122859722
2.139261188
119.8814788221
0.2937269498
29.5%
0.522524542
14.7%
55.1%
14.1%
15.9%
3.9728278659
652.278177458
6681.3703026871
514.2814463066
6722.4217831921
6798.4260452837
1445.6396939669
869.8769383924
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2720672.928
16179.9581520548
8772
202530.791788178
54744.4125367189
5885.5501472027
5529.5163457072
37229.5049837434
39720.317989593
9050.5865301947
11370.7768187822
28599.51
0
0
343.9915
9511.2267087408
545.3982274946
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1444074271
0.5435691786
3777.925048
5820230
1009778
7851.9027543177
7851.9027543177
15836.3644608352
0
0
6726.394611058
7450.7042227418
8127.009996654
1384.158384699
0.3314680083
66.9%
0.0%
0.0%
28.4%
31.5%
34.3%
5.8%
23688.2672151528
4,768
1382439.492
367266.096
25136
21646
Belarus
9473172
0.25
10364.2
8177.69
n/a
29501
0.0527100776
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.9658771106
n/a
n/a
0.0%
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2368293
2893.5383857143
1555
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
3.86
2287480
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
1235147.868
65104.74
29975
6761
Belgium
10996266
0.025
5128
8530.89
n/a
59094
0.0484990016
n/a
n/a
n/a
3.5779781973
n/a
n/a
0.0%
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
274906.65
3905.5013642857
2866
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
657.02
983610
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
2474147.592
119993.688
5289
14617
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3843183
0.517
3969
3261.52
2122.4924275185
7095
0.0789288231
1166.4924275185
236.7746232321
0.303522478
0.3611207164
2.1024239543
n/a
27.5%
0.5495861433
3.3%
42.3%
10.8%
0.3%
81.5347721823
0
813.9088729017
0
0
196.6846522782
35.9948256
38.3693045564
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1986925.611
665.0301666667
560
9913.2799254813
6049.68699876
808.241416
687.0052036
0
0
0
969.8896992
1068.8355
0
0
92.778
151.3997082282
85.4433996931
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0330940316
0.4192895609
3.73008
717520
8080
895.4436450839
895.4436450839
271.0487824345
0
0
81.5347721823
196.6846522782
849.9036985017
38.3693045564
0.7676377694
23.2%
0.0%
0.0%
7.0%
16.9%
72.9%
3.3%
1166.4924275185
235
297053.46
23446.08
…
956
Bulgaria
7348328
0.269
6205
5361.31
ERROR:#N/A
19216
0.0743130724
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
n/a
1.2353162915
n/a
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
1976700.232
485.8257857143
1428
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
n/a
n/a
7.79
2441850
0
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
n/a
804535.488
59787.504
14677
2484
Canada
34482773
0.193
142013
140645
220613.122302158
251845
0.1800472513
71093.1223021583
14469.5155730052
2.061699687
0.4824816641
n/a
0.0262016521
7.2%
0.3222524642
5.7%
31.9%
35.2%
2.9%
0
0
10192.0863309353
0
0
59035.035971223
1866
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6655175.189
106975.213571429
45344
605809.67801058
85877.67105354
0
0
0
0
0
297586.40695704
213015.6
0
0
9330
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0568217242
0.3155934003
2092.578232812
3211000
0
10192.0863309353
10192.0863309353
60901.035971223
0
0
0
59035.035971223
12058.0863309353
0
0.1433624801
85.7%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
83.0%
17.0%
0.0%
71093.1223021583
14,310
10544246.46
1898462.592
442030
149520
Cyprus
850881
0.295
21.247
21.857
448.4412470024
2368
0.0405405405
79.4412470024
10.5869596928
0.093363522
0.0144615813
n/a
0.0286851858
46.8%
0.1771497326
0.4%
11.0%
0.0%
83.4%
0
0
10.2398081535
0
0
1.2110311751
31.9904076739
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
251009.895
76.8761707143
96
443.254828417
8.08241416
78.197356998
0
0
26.975057259
0
0
0
0
0
330
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0067528096
0.1665693046
66.26
3630
0
10.2398081535
10.2398081535
69.2014388489
0
0
0
1.2110311751
42.2302158273
36
0.1288978779
87.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.5%
53.2%
45.3%
79.4412470024
16
99143.424
4019.328
38
369
Czech Republic
10494847
0.266
18831
16533
16232.739139481
43429
0.0688710309
9055.739139481
1871.7894431045
0.8628748127
1.2709423839
5.3359520153
0.1084796044
34.1%
0.5578688268
4.3%
62.6%
15.6%
2.7%
0
357.3141486811
5275.7793764988
0
1107.9136690647
2034.1486023107
182.262
98.3213429257
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2791629.302
3825.8516285714
2991
78368.0804039
18569.3465326
14750.405842
14144.22478
8001.5900184
6486.1373634
1389.1426955
0
12223.2
0
0
360
957.2463257
1486.7868463
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.041972441
0.6094353528
242.654
3548000
56000
5633.0935251799
5633.0935251799
3422.6456143011
0
0
1107.9136690647
2391.4627509918
5458.0413764988
98.3213429257
0.6220467969
37.8%
0.0%
0.0%
12.2%
26.4%
60.3%
1.1%
9055.739139481
1,823
1818285.372
125227.188
23086
7177
Denmark
5566856
0.131
2566
2565
18110.991146283
17997
0.2219258765
7390.991146283
1528.0926857624
1.3276778035
2.4778605967
368.6102173291
0.5604400349
111.4%
0.4080942388
8.5%
38.3%
0.0%
70.8%
2858.5131894484
0
0
0
2582.946
0
1239.1046522782
150.9773045564
559.45
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
729258.136
6598.6483142857
3994
63978.1845675
24085.5941968
0
0
222.2663894
262.6784602
0
0
0
0
0
0
33992.4280339
0
0
0
0
5415.2174872
0
0
0
0.0826651995
0.3724901342
5234.274
1807000
2052000
2858.5131894484
2858.5131894484
3973.0279568345
559.45
0
6000.9091894484
0
1239.1046522782
150.9773045564
0.3867564083
53.8%
7.6%
0.0%
81.2%
0.0%
16.8%
2.0%
7390.991146283
1,488
753498.396
167220.792
5796
10720
Estonia
1339929
0.305
8054
5601.6
11225.1285224273
5603
0.1483134035
4565.1285224273
944.744332037
3.4069928499
5.6831981151
10.1135955711
0.2539343078
46.0%
0.4066883077
16.9%
113.7%
4.2%
1.7%
876
41
1646
15
841.9840340899
733.0110733374
324.7916
13.42344
71.309
2.609375
0
0
0
0
0
0
408678.345
3353.3799410806
831
39554.5556937272
21090.0696547854
631.943757135
0
7682.3464594047
5729.2636113783
970.5940013458
0
1666.8
0
0
0
243.588639476
824.453856688
0
0
0
535.2326202018
180.2630933122
0
0
0.1640032821
1.1057886755
76.1801294
2322600
13551.5
2578
2578
1913.2101474273
73.918375
0
1789.2930340899
776.6204483374
1970.7916
28.42344
0.564715755
41.9%
1.6%
0.0%
39.2%
17.0%
43.2%
0.6%
4565.1285224273
919
234586.404
34792.308
11201
6660
Finland
5388272
0.163
56556.8839676411
61649.4984936411
66155.1651332089
34749
0.2606118162
36357.1651332089
7601.0606031187
6.7474628477
12.5981757528
34.6128736634
0.1610610523
20.9%
0.5495740969
21.9%
83.9%
42.5%
0.4%
5159.5029038375
670.1190813561
7045.8801906462
27.6527773282
4341.1925443449
18682.0264689456
0.921493221
7.1556932303
401.3200871409
17.7780180718
0
3.6158750865
0
0
0
0
878288.336
36680.8510850214
9056
318241.205331374
108720.9096
0
0
21471.6051213738
5520.001
41982.9262
0
135108.98841
0
0
0
1345.099
0
0
0
0
3884.673
207.003
0
0
0.2106046009
0.8081160863
136.450231376
11064830.8185977
186503.578
12903.1549531679
12903.1549531679
23031.2961997418
422.7139802992
0
9902.0155353232
19369.9235683734
7046.8016838672
38.424345645
0.3548999188
63.3%
1.2%
0.0%
27.2%
53.3%
19.4%
0.1%
36357.1651332089
7,318
1454871.132
379156.608
91038
29798
France
63294268
0.142
55040.5467803582
49324.8421489191
90007.6345665486
252827
0.0723142702
37445.6345665486
9221.2023288667
0.5916117802
2.1166228848
7.8206133927
0.1727582141
56.2%
0.4160273153
3.6%
50.4%
6.3%
1.6%
99.3333333333
7854.5062745098
19185.401262963
563.137254902
81.2360349651
3228.1957981154
4809.5292922601
84.272
124.415
132.12205
1283.4862655
0
0
0
0
0
8987786.056
37481.0410193837
18283
386073.29910499
147840.292264273
52800.1043800977
87768.1113547003
0
0
39426.6162715377
5707.1138745884
24194.8694918079
0
0
3404.868
9275.10588774
749.50350608
0
0
0
14906.7140741645
0
0
0
0.0298124657
0.412262553
614.14905
19023753.65
495000
27702.3781257081
27702.3781257081
8203.2331253406
1540.0233155
0
304.9843682984
11214.8241226252
25278.416820723
647.409254902
0.7398026084
21.9%
4.1%
0.0%
0.8%
29.9%
67.5%
1.7%
37445.6345665486
7,537
10585360.836
765472.644
94367
52562
Germany
81797706
0.261
60586.57
64591.38
144010.721616121
311770
0.1001250922
58189.7216161207
13537.2871275466
0.71138574
0.5208639828
17.7217537128
0.2629521119
45.1%
0.4040652041
4.3%
43.4%
2.3%
3.8%
1851.5290325646
6425.8948777244
20878.3911374079
0
1790.3351768664
8459.3912672474
4890.0264367093
0
2409.3018324645
8361.6945950237
1713.0987599924
0
51.5823841853
179.0212157018
1179.4549002329
0
21349201.266
23707.47204
31216
566779.137456121
243715.504429762
44030.2179126985
0
15643.846360477
41859.5705579498
29940.0714993471
7093.4859926246
13263.0905753506
0
0
5250
23734.3932750682
11597.5258004065
0
0
0
15992.0995949038
0
100619.105415822
14040.2260417098
0.037569214
0.3752227659
2212.8488186
11120030
1449598.8
29155.815047697
29155.815047697
15139.7528808231
12484.0951874807
1410.0585001199
6102.7484260808
23426.0019556973
28660.9712343425
0
0.5010475087
26.0%
21.5%
2.4%
10.5%
40.3%
49.3%
0.0%
58189.7216161207
11,713
13053186.36
1306951.488
107000
85821
Iceland
318006
0.063
0.5
2.1
189.1325093525
5731
0.8382481242
19.1325093525
4.0712132128
0.0601639886
0.0314459476
n/a
0.135555891
88.6%
0.1011592847
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
9.5%
0
0
0.9304556355
0.9304556355
0
0
1.5792
3.5011990408
0
0
0
11.69
0
0
0.5011990408
0
20034.378
19.5699666667
4804
170.453554793
15.6798834704
0
0
29.500811684
0
0
0
0
0
0
7.896
0
0
0
0
0
113.15379824
0
0
4.2230613986
0.0006719882
0.0008016579
1.81
630
0
1.860911271
1.860911271
5.0803990408
11.69
0.5011990408
0
0
3.0108546763
16.1216546763
0.0972643597
26.6%
61.1%
2.6%
0.0%
0.0%
15.7%
84.3%
19.1325093525
4
239945.508
201133.872
15.6
170
Ireland
4484323
0.378
2717
2519.38
3000.0815319472
13216
0.0618946731
710.0815319472
146.4758013351
0.1583475436
0.1670605438
13.1569469907
0.0484047131
9.4%
0.2366874115
1.1%
17.9%
0.0%
13.9%
4.7961630695
39.491466
193.4496630695
0
137.890853717
243.7273860911
55.536
35.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1695074.094
1484.5508380952
818
6132.6488502967
1922.3304931397
80.8241416
0
626.3870974
424.3267434
1888.965447357
0
0
0
0
90
1099.8149274
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0108150452
0.1747330537
98.418
283180
59000
237.7372921391
237.7372921391
472.3442398082
0
0
142.6870167866
283.2188520911
248.9856630695
35.19
0.3348028099
66.5%
0.0%
0.0%
20.1%
39.9%
35.1%
5.0%
710.0815319472
143
553327.488
34248.024
5356
2290
Italy
60738612
0.316
21305.72
25575.89
51572.5013932854
167416
0.1191045061
11926.5013932854
2432.6004899444
0.1963578192
0.2964805395
26.3423866189
n/a
32.1%
0.2312569891
1.5%
12.2%
0.0%
12.2%
5035.9712230216
1007.1942446043
1812.9496402878
350.5035971223
0
1127.0983213429
1510.7913669065
0
1081.993
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19193401.392
12479.2119642857
19940
101848.117312992
0
0
69148.286104464
0
0
0
22226.63894
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10473.192268528
0
0.0143395742
0.1203948922
1453.54
5690470
1600000
8206.618705036
8206.618705036
2637.8896882494
1081.993
0
6117.9642230216
2134.2925659472
3323.7410071942
350.5035971223
0.6880994211
22.1%
9.1%
0.0%
51.3%
17.9%
27.9%
2.9%
11926.5013932854
2,401
7009373.088
834847.92
32543
39646
Latvia
2065544
0.323
13017.16
8158.06
n/a
4371
0.4735758408
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.3669975249
n/a
n/a
0.0%
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
667170.712
2049.8001285714
2070
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
20.74
244850
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
183005.028
86666.76
25280
3937
Liechtenstein
36312
0.856
25
19
n/a
116.4668099742
0.0734893604
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.4825777838
n/a
n/a
0.0%
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
31083.072
16.6378571429
8.5590713672
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
0
15000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
4876.2324
358.3512
…
26
Lithuania
3222186
0.329
8052.55
6157.06
n/a
7287
0.1594620557
n/a
n/a
n/a
1.5930490369
n/a
n/a
0.0%
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1060099.194
2277.9437
1162
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
24.01
1688790
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
305092.116
48650.616
10750
4868
Luxembourg
511840
0.146
332.0479486707
1288.0728645699
2032.0534627158
4171
0.0297290818
342.0534627158
68.8548218898
0.6682820075
1.061478766
2.4774871077
n/a
16.2%
0.1683289682
1.7%
55.5%
0.0%
6.0%
0
0
207.4964028777
1.7482014388
14.2326139089
115.8393285372
2.7369159532
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
74728.64
912.6804425208
124
2882.8136828825
0
0
1763.077618827
1095.975360096
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
23.7607039595
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0165072206
0.5552549758
20.3996618363
79322.8645699279
1268.0770012
209.2446043165
209.2446043165
132.8088583993
0
0
14.2326139089
115.8393285372
210.2333188309
1.7482014388
0.6117307004
38.8%
0.0%
0.0%
4.2%
33.9%
61.5%
0.5%
342.0534627158
69
174631.428
5191.632
650
1690
Netherlands
16693074
0.168
1637
1385
17607.6054076304
77419
0.0427801961
4869.6054076304
1047.2682953389
0.2917141209
0.0317354314
72.6648668783
0.1622944069
66.8%
0.2765626157
1.4%
31.6%
0.0%
60.9%
216.439891565
0
653.8160775727
54.347826087
2805.1863597122
227.6357130516
65.3913043478
0
709.2588235294
0
137.5294117647
0
0
0
0
0
2804436.432
5085.4804761905
3312
43847.02898925
2707.6087436
5607.1748235
0
1576.0707612
1980.1914692
297.67343475
0
0
0
0
240
22729.5084996
0
0
0
0
8688.595222
20.2060354
0
0
0.0126609521
0.2959535787
2963.554
89000
1213000
924.6037952247
924.6037952247
3098.2133771116
846.7882352941
0
3730.8850748067
227.6357130516
856.7367936853
54.347826087
0.1898724266
63.6%
17.4%
0.0%
76.6%
4.7%
17.6%
1.1%
4869.6054076304
980
3241378.692
138666.816
2250
12738
Norway
4953088
0.206
10678.96
11356.73
13164.7817314149
28137
0.427764154
5686.7817314149
1180.8381119972
1.1481285476
2.334867829
12.3155494108
0.1249322576
21.2%
0.4319693138
4.2%
9.8%
22.1%
10.7%
0
0
2405.2757793765
0
0
2553.0935251799
119.646
0
0
0
66.8
0
541.9664268585
0
0
0
1020336.128
7693.6613166667
12036
49439.3300731
20266.6535062
0
0
0
0
0
11194.1436116
10911.984
0
0
0
1038.7140981
814.677724
0
0
0
646.5931328
0
0
4566.5640004
0.0406826207
0.0951052592
605.784
2382350
61000
2405.2757793765
2405.2757793765
2672.7395251799
66.8
541.9664268585
541.9664268585
2553.0935251799
2591.7217793765
0
0.4229590466
47.0%
1.2%
9.5%
9.5%
44.9%
45.6%
0.0%
5686.7817314149
1,145
1178039.916
503923.248
21878
7478
Poland
38204328
0.391
36878
38628.38
44774.5508393285
101313
0.0784795633
9996.5508393285
2011.8015017981
0.2616601669
0.3295699231
n/a
n/a
0.0%
0.2232641233
2.0%
25.3%
0.0%
4.8%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7130.6522781775
2865.8985611511
0
0
14937892.248
11515.0299
7951
84230.1052772842
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
84230.1052772842
0.019861185
0.2530746113
479.57
4923080
0
0
0
0
0
9996.5508393285
7130.6522781775
2865.8985611511
0
0
0
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
71.3%
28.7%
0.0%
0.0%
9996.5508393285
2,012
4241772.684
332892.468
67595
34778
Romania
21384832
0.472
14358.6290248
14213.22961826
24507.0095923261
35830
0.1403014234
17988.0095923261
3620.0790946642
0.8411573957
0.3924571624
1.6324277514
n/a
27.9%
0.7339944731
10.1%
72.0%
0.0%
0.6%
0
0
3961.6306954436
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
134.0527577938
1508.3932853717
11800.9592326139
582.9736211031
10093640.704
2254.5840055987
5027
151565.4715354
0
0
33380.3704808
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
118185.1010546
0.1010546856
0.7202684276
101.710157334
3961321.58898
34909.1932156863
3961.6306954436
3961.6306954436
0
0
14026.3788968825
134.0527577938
1508.3932853717
15762.5899280576
582.9736211031
0.2202373017
0.0%
0.0%
78.0%
0.7%
8.4%
87.6%
3.2%
17988.0095923261
3,621
1500130.44
210470.436
…
6519
Russian Federation
142865433
0.262
197000
176301.15
n/a
730970
0.0242636497
n/a
n/a
n/a
1.1633835182
n/a
n/a
0.0%
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
37430743.446
28821.5440642857
17736
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
18.24
43546310
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
30604251.96
742570.848
852927
60266
Serbia
7276195
0.436
7758
7788
10914.6560695864
16185
0.1120173
7528.6560695865
1420.8943212931
1.0346968532
1.730539536
2.4738204515
1.2203876744
83.8%
0.6897749248
8.8%
78.4%
0.0%
0.2%
0
4.8266666667
6282.7001704672
239.8081534772
0
207.3093367691
208.0464844125
554.6527577938
0
0
31.3125
0
0
0
0
0
3172421.02
1093.7357142857
1813
59490.0034439
44715.9563402
6405.3132218
0
2889.4630622
3374.4079118
277.8285391
0
0
0
0
750
346.2380327
427.7058051
0
0
0
282.8844956
20.2060354
0
0
0.0936321309
0.8358720562
15.636
5490000
18000
6527.3349906111
6527.3349906111
970.0085789753
31.3125
0
0
212.1360034358
6522.0591548797
794.460911271
0.8669986954
12.9%
0.4%
0.0%
0.0%
2.8%
86.6%
10.6%
7528.6560695865
1,515
677633.58
75906.684
5232
3386
Slovak Republic
5398384
0.453
10010.91
8343
12035.7014257663
17349
0.0744711511
5502.7014257663
1133.4552613217
1.0193238246
0.2579301845
13.1520840311
0.0909176671
17.4%
0.4571982331
6.5%
87.7%
34.6%
2.7%
743.309352518
0
687.9136690647
22.1582733813
106.7625899281
3553.7907026728
160.5966205755
163.1654676259
0
49.995625
0
15.009125
0
0
0
0
2445467.952
4478.3991202381
1292
47455.504881017
8893.888541664
3352.18127286
0
10065.030353448
2656.285413684
839.439085995
4273.5764871
16417.98
0
0
0
301.227088449
26.680695461
0
0
0
629.215942356
0
0
0
0.0638442302
0.857301509
151.31
630760
71000
1453.381294964
1453.381294964
3984.3153808023
65.00475
0
850.071942446
3603.7863276728
848.5102896403
200.3328660072
0.2641214165
72.4%
1.2%
0.0%
15.4%
65.5%
15.4%
3.6%
5502.7014257663
1,108
726367.932
54093.456
13193
6533
Slovenia
2052843
0.501
3657.867
2963.64
4079.3865175851
7249
0.1306387088
2250.3865175851
567.8062197717
1.096229238
1.1712280508
30.2020173973
0.1685725622
55.0%
0.5516482706
7.8%
60.0%
0.0%
15.0%
0
0
1629.5714285714
0
149.0931020408
385.7831530612
25.1348262857
0
0
0
0
17.63854
0
0
43.1654676259
0
1028474.343
707.7017714286
947
23772.9108094026
15384.067112144
3055.15255248
0
138.209282136
0
0
4539.2459889887
0
0
0
0
76.8241093732
44.9702103648
0
0
0
170.7329167158
0
0
363.7086372
0.0624883663
0.478329638
336.638
1204578
62000
1629.5714285714
1629.5714285714
560.0110813878
17.63854
43.1654676259
149.0931020408
385.7831530612
1697.871722483
17.63854
0.7241295732
24.9%
0.8%
1.9%
6.6%
17.1%
75.4%
0.8%
2250.3865175851
453
303501.132
39648.996
9165
1829
Sweden
9449213
0.148
72103.33
78730.12
90731.1418189448
49045
0.3211132633
48781.1418189448
10070.8277082115
5.1624555208
4.754299844
212.504469949
n/a
21.0%
0.5376449678
20.5%
63.9%
36.4%
5.1%
11342.9256594724
0
4695.4436450839
503.5971223022
2968.335971223
26065.3904652278
1392.528
888.1584556355
920.5875
4.175
0
0
0
0
0
0
1398483.524
48912.9589573339
15749
421645.4144874
0
848.6534868
138532.5787024
0
0
0
68963.1988202
153442.83
1660.5
3472.5
600
45173.8797958
0
0
0
0
8951.2736822
0
0
0
0.2002061323
0.6234751259
2489.96
6648810
2008000
16541.9664268585
16541.9664268585
31314.4128920863
924.7625
0
15231.8491306954
26069.5654652278
6087.9716450839
1391.7555779377
0.3391057653
64.2%
1.9%
0.0%
31.2%
53.4%
12.5%
2.9%
48781.1418189448
9,819
2053416.06
659379.132
96486
41950
Switzerland
7911345
0.263
5845.1643909805
5162.4243909805
9976.9867343594
25375
0.1806108374
4148.9867343594
1056.5885722263
0.5244350656
0.934766951
18.2601220383
0.3546494615
43.8%
0.4158556932
4.2%
23.1%
0.0%
5.2%
709.0855375795
70.6291751846
1142.2297513436
337.0099268727
125.7177818992
595.0820418827
319.1778533675
65.4919066762
550.3957302225
227.7303439315
0.146321167
6.2903642324
0
0
0
0
2080683.735
2854.2914853961
4583
44237.2503419706
21622.7594650007
3808.847371797
0
0
7008.1433525614
611.0913326726
0
0
0
0
339.81
2706.8717330893
236.0936044152
0
75.0394611727
0
7133.5064035018
695.08761776
0
0
0.032912142
0.1822268391
217.52637
1944954.3909805
144462.125187196
2258.9543909805
2258.9543909805
1105.4695838256
784.5627595533
0
1385.1990497011
893.4415609988
1461.5539258781
408.7921977813
0.5444592947
26.6%
18.9%
0.0%
33.4%
21.5%
35.2%
9.9%
4148.9867343594
835
1062400.5
191881.044
6232
5828
Turkey
74223629
0.285
21039
22447.59
54458.2156692229
112459
0.0997874781
21538.2156692229
4320.0127524768
0.2901800405
0.2296516511
n/a
n/a
94.8%
0.3954998416
3.8%
38.5%
0.0%
2.0%
0
0
21290.175059952
0
0
68.0406092708
180
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21153734.265
6910.3526095238
11222
180870.293920699
179389.242899306
0
0
376.3172032896
122.9133133382
81.820504765
0
0
0
0
900
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0385510008
0.3863310461
434
4857990
0
21290.175059952
21290.175059952
248.0406092708
0
0
0
68.0406092708
21470.175059952
0
0.9884836974
1.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.3%
99.7%
0.0%
21538.2156692229
4,335
4708433.412
469842.696
…
32920
Ukraine
45778534
0.311
17510.292
13381.172
13408
126438
0.0205080751
6182
1224.4864191893
0.1350414585
0.544925433
n/a
n/a
0.0%
0.4610680191
1.0%
47.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0
0
0
0
0
240
0
0
0
0
0
428
386
5019
109
14237124.074
1675.1185266667
2593
51266.7973986156
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1200
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50066.7973986156
0.009841732
0.4798954551
2.75
7758171
0
0
0
240
0
5942
428
386
5259
109
0
3.9%
0.0%
96.1%
6.9%
6.2%
85.1%
1.8%
6182
1,244
5293706.184
108563.724
20935
7226
United Kingdom
62435709
0.204
11459.3862909672
11348.1362909672
51636.0701980198
188074
0.0414677202
10333.0701980198
2139.0435638053
0.1654993651
0.0862675632
19.5609399262
0.1781183749
33.4%
0.2001134122
1.1%
27.4%
0.0%
27.5%
1215.8273381295
2577.9376498801
0
3944.547292744
1794.4984172662
372
192.372
235.8875
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12736884.636
14397.3005910524
7799
89557.4759294
27338.7658962
7253.9667086
0
19034.0853468
545.5629558
873.1754086
1070.9198762
0
3431.7
0
1860
25866.017737
0
0
0
0
2283.2820002
0
0
0
0.0110591251
0.2666923833
2837.65210429
1098780
1221301.153
3793.7649880096
3793.7649880096
6303.4177100102
235.8875
0
5396.2621308735
1794.4984172662
2949.9376498801
192.372
0.3671478965
61.0%
2.3%
0.0%
52.2%
17.4%
28.5%
1.9%
10333.0701980198
2,080
7874282.232
326528.532
20700
41303
United States
311591917
0.176
324432.68
313360.35
526672.802028767
2191193
0.0608604536
206652.802028767
49703.2253034664
0.6632161836
0.7289507784
6.4070026436
0.0596938687
12.8%
0.3923741671
2.3%
37.3%
49.2%
0.2%
0
39975.79
0
15498.216396343
131056.816993231
9720.5550076225
6642.0927412899
3759.3308902805
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
54840177.392
250347.502138357
133357
2080974.63700553
395798.591662653
0
0
0
269866.534623526
289913.37792246
0
1024541.63862333
0
0
27058.746
37407.1622816697
0
0
0
0
36388.5858918904
0
0
0
0.0189836981
0.3119217324
495.22
39975790
1996370.23593466
39975.79
39975.79
162917.681138487
3759.3308902805
0
19257.5472866235
131056.816993231
49696.3450076225
6642.0927412899
0.1934442195
78.8%
1.8%
0.0%
9.3%
63.4%
24.0%
3.2%
206652.802028767
41,597
91740868.524
5583390.876
761000
320020
n/a
JWEE total
820519962
0.2
910247.8
909320.4
1,494,275.52
4019732.0
0.1
595184.5
132737.6
0.7
0.7
16.8
0.0818276727
0.2
0.40
3.3%
38.6%
29.4%
4.5%
30198.7
17234.8
140922.9
2786.3
43218.0
267094.2
29020.0
9843.0
10823.2
8796.1
3232.4
54.2
8286.3
4939.3
18043.1
692.0
190967331.7
601568.0
344088.0
5557459.9
1258360.0
149396.8
369213.4
125705.9
385460.4
417461.5
434995.4
1634455.3
5092.2
3472.5
51258.1
215980.5
16839.2
0.0
75.0
0.0
106021.8
1122.8
111092.3
271456.7
3.0%
34.8%
26728.6
143167848.3
13760822.7
191142.7
191142.7
349175.2
22906.0
31960.6
92526.3
298064.4
191218.3
13375.6
32.1%
58.7%
3.8%
5.4%
15.5%
50.1%
32.1%
2.2%
595184.5
119,804
168298139.4
14406276.4
1863752.6
899091.0
JWEE 13
259274115
0.2
305507.359392609
320361.957203069
530,362.31
955397
0.1
235357.307536958
51811.4481450117
0.9
1.1
25.9
0.1722980136
0.3
0.44
5.4%
51.5%
17.1%
5.5%
21130.2821483703
15717.7457188996
71218.0250822159
2209.393156009
20381.7657448295
70130.6714422753
13713.8640244257
2896.335219354
4641.9076498278
8793.495632027
3028.0438466594
42.5539043189
51.5823841853
179.0212157018
1222.6203678588
0
58819176.425
188967.817387525
100548
2169241.71093535
674906.969093263
127599.008552934
233593.284021634
108194.106967674
101135.590982047
124890.700314804
103018.317858484
371027.268477159
5092.2
3472.5
12968.6695
119460.45899932
13627.8778493222
0
75.0394611727
0
54234.3821096419
922.29665316
100619.105415822
14403.9346789098
5.0%
47.1%
12975.1732841023
64412859.7241481
6725911.7331884
110275.446105495
110275.4
107122.6
16506.0
1453.2
46205.5
94820.9
89182.6
5148.3
46.9%
45.5%
7.0%
0.6%
19.6%
40.3%
37.9%
2.2%
235357.3
47,375
40000561.596
4209743.664
474593
295005
JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation)
474445272
0.3
443802.116417409
455315.044821329
746,989.60
1576694
0.1
317438.598476779
68564.9075403108
0.7
0.8
24.8
0.1445350701
0.3
0.42
4.3%
41.5%
13.8%
7.6%
30198.7412245876
17234.7927882208
90754.9813882199
2786.3291813041
27719.7958076963
77002.343329776
17433.4249735581
3200.9278104332
7063.9184733572
8796.105007027
3232.3732584241
54.2439043189
8286.253847015
4939.3130622246
18043.0807995135
691.9736211031
129471979.09
244245.274867061
165387
2870675.54889773
776683.764270279
149396.774391569
369213.448160039
125705.881407763
115593.861886225
127548.1104464
137408.990109284
396898.087977159
5092.2
3472.5
14869.3435
178573.344304324
16839.2396760033
0
75.0394611727
0
69633.1743700836
1122.7657818723
111092.29768435
271456.725471208
4.1%
38.6%
24140.8496508363
99981058.3131281
11764452.4264041
140974.844582332
140974.8
125356.5
19146.6
31960.6
73268.7
107972.6
129463.9
6733.5
44.4%
39.5%
6.0%
10.1%
23.1%
34.0%
40.8%
2.1%
317438.6
63,897
66013024.392
6924422.916
660722.6
429551
JWEE 12
253875731
0.2
295496.449392609
312018.957203069
518,326.61
938048
0.1
229854.606111192
50677.99288369
0.9
1.1
26.2
0.1746249553
0.3
0.44
5.4%
51.1%
16.7%
5.6%
20386.9727958523
15717.7457188996
70530.1114131512
2187.2348826277
20275.0031549014
66576.8807396025
13553.2674038501
2733.1697517281
4641.9076498278
8743.500007027
3028.0438466594
27.5447793189
51.5823841853
179.0212157018
1222.6203678588
0
56373708.473
184489.418267287
99256
2121786.20605433
666013.080551599
124246.827280074
233593.284021634
98129.0766142263
98479.3055683632
124051.261228809
98744.741371384
354609.288477159
5092.2
3472.5
12968.6695
119159.231910871
13601.1971538612
0
75.0394611727
0
53605.1661672859
922.29665316
100619.105415822
14403.9346789098
4.9%
46.6%
12823.8632841023
63782099.7241481
6654911.7331884
108822.064810531
108822.1
103138.3
16441.0
1453.2
45355.5
91217.1
88334.0
4947.9
47.3%
44.9%
7.2%
0.6%
19.7%
39.7%
38.4%
2.2%
229854.6
46,267
39274193.664
4155650.208
461400
288472
2009
2009
Population
Rural Population
Roundwood and Fuelwood removals from forest and outside forest (1000m3)
Roundwood and Fuelwood supply from forest and outside forest including net trade (1000m3)
SWE + (S1 -S4) Total calculated domestic consumption of woody biomass (1000m3)
Total primary energy supply, TPES (ktoe)
Share of renewables (RES) in TPES from ktoe
Total wood energy generation (1000m3)
Total wood energy generation (ktoe) (calculation totals*heating value)
Average wood energy consumption (m3/capita)
Fuelwood consumption per rural inhabitant (m3/inhabitant)
Pellets consumption per inhabitant (kg/inhabitant)
S1/Net Annual Increments
Share of Total Roundwood supply directly used for energy purposes (%)
Share of energy use in calculated domestic consumption of woody biomass (%)
Share of woody biomass in TPES (%) (from ktoe)
Share of woody biomass in RES (%) (from ktoe)
Share of wood energy generated from black liquor (%) (heating value)
Imported wood fuel as share of wood energy (%)
1-S1-U1
1-S1-U2
1-S1-U3
1-S1-U4
1-S2-U1
1-S2-U2
1-S2-U3
1-S2-U4
1-S3-U1
1-S3-U2
1-S3-U3
1-S3-U4
1-S4-U1
1-S4-U2
1-S4-U3
1-S4-U4
share of rural population
Total domestic woody biomass supply (including cascaded use) (1000 m3)
Renewable energy supply (ktoe)
Total wood energy generation (1000 m3) (calculation totals*heating value)
Total woody biomass from forest (1000 m3)
Total woody biomass from outside forest (1000 m3)
Unspecified (1000 m3)
Chips and Particles (1000 m3)
Wood Residues (1000 m3)
Bark (1000 m3)
Unspecified solid co-products (1000 m3)
Black Liquor (1000 m3)
Crude Tall Oil (1000 m3)
Unspecified liquid co-products (1000 m3)
Wood Charcoal (1000 m3)
Wood Pellets (1000 m3)
Wood Briquettes (1000 m3)
Pyrolysis Oils (1000 m3)
Cellulose based Ethanol (1000 m3)
Wood based Biodiesel (1000 m3)
Non-hazardous Wood Waste (1000 m3)
Hazardous Wood Waste (1000 m3)
Unspecified Wood Waste (1000 m3)
Wood from Unknown Sources (1000 m3)
Wood fuel imports (1000 m3)
Total Fuelwood (1000 m3)
Total Pellets (mt)
Total S1 (1000 m3)
Total wood energy generation (ktoe)
Total primary energy supply, TPES (1000 m3)
Renewable energy supply, RES (1000 m3)
Share of woody biomass in TPES (%) (from 1000 m3)
Share of woody biomass in RES (%) (from 1000 m3)
Net Annual Increments
SWE
Country
S1
S2
S3
S4
U1
U2
U3
U4
% S1
% S2
% S3
% S4
% U1
% U2
% U3
% U4
Tot S-U
different numbers than if collected
Albania
3194417
0.48089
430
373.82
n/a
2085.42
0.3185487815
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.1911906246
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1536163.19113
330.572
664.308
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
293700
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
87312.36456
27813.247344
n/a
n/a
470
214
Armenia
3243729
0.35809
1502
1504.78
n/a
2601.206
0.0672691821
n/a
n/a
n/a
1.2913813271
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1161546.91761
0.9176
174.981
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.06
1500000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
108907.292808
7326.104508
n/a
n/a
360
217
Austria
8365275
0.32447
18455.9263406115
26182.0963406115
39538.2723303327
31761.634
0.2789512341
20750.2723303327
4237.0111624938
2.480524828
1.8681645019
64.2350669882
0.3081375978
0.3053232847
0.5248148467
0.1315046522
0.471425239
0.1298068597
0.1074358296
4.8214440822
0
7001.69917647
987.4830334939
5172.2370130928
3629.1523302868
1188.5975650899
2766.2817678172
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2714280.77925
16316.4223134436
8859.947
177395.183351291
57430.2486809439
6170.167597453
3756.3931041199
34946.9854371013
25397.6589831964
11209.8419006669
7687.5050920723
23027.1116742486
0
0
427.5307154
6957.4241679807
384.315998108
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2229.322722
5070723
537344
7994.003654046
7994.003654046
12756.2686762867
0
0
5177.0584571749
3629.1523302868
8190.2967415599
3753.764801311
0.385248132
61.5%
0.0%
0.0%
24.9%
17.5%
39.5%
18.1%
20750.2723303327
4176.8026316744
1329796.092312
370948.260996
0.1334002892
0.4782208249
25136
18788
Belarus
9576045
0.25305
13218
11107.024
n/a
26763.98
0.0501580856
n/a
n/a
n/a
2.0555408614
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2423218.18725
434.87315
1342.43
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.01484
4981024
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
1120554.31464
56204.85924
n/a
n/a
22809
6568
Belgium
10796492
0.02589
8670
10899.5
18344.5616623484
57101.707
0.0383058076
2522.5616623484
518.5447241126
0.2336464161
6.5415436994
20.8401025074
n/a
0
0.1375100539
0.0088922743
0.2321390647
0.2374464729
0.197517471
0
0
0
0
684.26729784
1204.373501199
0
10.8681055156
0
0
0
0
0
0
623.0527577938
0
279521.17788
6577.4230952381
2187.327
21710.4305091445
0
0
0
91.5737524328
0
0
5273.4923549044
5155.06515
0
0
0
5940.5085764271
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5249.7906753802
498.25
1828500
225000
0
0
1899.5089045546
0
623.0527577938
684.26729784
1204.373501199
623.0527577938
10.8681055156
0
75.3%
0.0%
24.7%
27.1%
47.7%
24.7%
0.4%
2522.5616623484
507.7640438702
2390734.268676
91579.006836
0.0090810722
0.2370677654
5289
15822
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3942701
0.51379
3708.53
3176.62
n/a
6034.075
0.1192787627
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.4273837706
5.072664653
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2025720.34679
473.7530666667
719.737
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.41
865760
20000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
252634.6521
30133.948716
n/a
n/a
…
627
Bulgaria
7585130
0.28542
5754
6031.57
ERROR:#N/A
17492.305
0.0621737387
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
n/a
1.063240414
n/a
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
n/a
n/a
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
2164947.8046
3.2656
1087.562
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
0.6
2301860
0
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
n/a
732367.82574
45534.045816
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
14120
2002
Canada
33739859
0.19418
116306
118242.1
192915.059952038
250745.622
0.1755924456
47875.0599520384
9634.8349604008
1.4189466516
0.4614288592
n/a
0.0266966976
0.087825337
0.2481665245
0.0384322778
0.2188720457
0
0.0038051127
0
0
10384.6522781775
0
0
37490.4076738609
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6551605.82062
93099.64
44029.037
403391.27012206
87500.21569616
0
0
0
0
0
315891.0544259
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
182.17
3023100
0
10384.6522781775
10384.6522781775
37490.4076738609
0
0
0
37490.4076738609
10384.6522781775
0
0.2169115253
78.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
78.3%
21.7%
0.0%
47875.0599520384
9636.7253988726
10498217.701896
1843407.721116
0.0384247385
0.2188291095
442030
145040
Cyprus
800011
0.2968
13.879
14.823
435.3198832422
2537.126
0.0385538598
67.3198832422
8.5842346154
0.084148697
0.0181811853
0.0449993813
0.0748719206
0.3242093635
0.1546446322
0.0053409864
0.1385331176
0
0.8835941647
0
0
4.8057553957
0
0
1.6163069544
27.8053772553
33.0924436368
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
237443.2648
69.73112
97.816
359.4047348768
22.2064329046
18.286462037
0
0
14.8312299836
0
0
0
0
0
303.3474
0.7332099516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
59.483456
4317
36
4.8057553957
4.8057553957
62.5141278465
0
0
0
1.6163069544
32.611132651
33.0924436368
0.0713868647
92.9%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
2.4%
48.4%
49.2%
67.3198832422
13.5507554317
106224.391368
4095.360288
0.0033834483
0.0877590028
40
368
Czech Republic
10487178
0.26459
17166
14463
15339.3731544426
42072.125
0.0576855816
8356.3731544426
1725.2591499833
0.796818091
0.6245489708
2.669927029
0.104224065
0.3748919553
0.5447662737
0.0399800681
0.6930686496
0.1617192381
0.0179221293
0
400.479616307
5021.582733813
0
865.7074340528
1829.9930920924
53.958
184.6522781775
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2774802.42702
3563.6638095238
2426.955
72233.1500915
17518.6326918
14022.9885676
14144.22478
8143.0322662
4182.6493278
992.2447825
0
11681.49
0
0
0
468.4396913
1079.4479843
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
149.764
1733000
28000
5422.0623501199
5422.0623501199
2934.3108043227
0
0
865.7074340528
2230.4727083994
5075.5407338129
184.6522781775
0.6488535457
35.1%
0.0%
0.0%
10.4%
26.7%
60.7%
2.2%
8356.3731544426
1682.0464246008
1761475.7295
101611.75194
0.0410071787
0.7108739758
22669
6983
Denmark
5523094
0.13134
2786
2188.89
n/a
18353.144
0.1801648263
n/a
n/a
n/a
1.4512067901
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
725403.16596
1386.3436
3306.591
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
60.54
1052710
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
768409.432992
138440.351988
n/a
n/a
5176
7453
Estonia
1340271
0.30513
5150
4129.6
8827.9687992861
4749.296
0.1510470183
4322.9687992861
874.354644479
3.225443809
2.8019090212
33.6872169882
0.1735966293
0.4202740094
0.4896900859
0.183220058
1.2130001637
0.0129006421
0.0331899689
8.5611510791
48.345323741
1653.4772182254
25.1798561151
1355.3959165468
540.3946632909
668.3466290647
7.194291223
16.07375
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
408956.89023
4362.6343809524
717.367
36607.4802550485
14623.714000042
0
0
10527.546503754
8894.494722726
1221.8502251705
0
472.26
0
0
0
712.028330776
0
0
0
0
155.58647258
0
0
0
143.4792
1145860
45150
1735.5635491607
1735.5635491607
2571.3315001254
16.07375
0
1380.0308176259
588.7399870319
2321.8238472902
32.3741473381
0.4014749191
59.5%
0.4%
0.0%
31.9%
13.6%
53.7%
0.7%
4322.9687992861
870.1662884255
198843.524928
30034.721556
0.1841019478
1.218838676
11361
4505
Finland
5338870
0.1491
45508.7523144861
49619.5093144861
54406.6617013705
33245.245
0.2397147021
29805.6617013705
6227.1559788481
5.5827659601
12.1735661829
39.8554652951
0.1289258164
0.2048401526
0.5478311069
0.1804635029
0.7528261777
0.4224133381
0.0342302038
3949.8372629176
675.8908449961
5538.3397524078
0
3338.8404055866
15165.6738937449
746.9782752414
0
352.7027870099
37.3984794662
0
0
0
0
0
0
796025.517
32568.9774554939
7969.374
260718.566522413
85641.5897523561
0
0
18717
8772.9767700568
32239
0
110131
0
0
0
1441
0
0
0
0
3776
0
0
0
1020.253875022
9690469.31448612
212783.148
10164.0678603216
10164.0678603216
19251.4925745729
390.1012664761
0
7641.3804555141
15878.9632182072
6285.3180276492
0
0.341011314
64.6%
1.3%
0.0%
25.6%
53.3%
21.1%
0.0%
29805.6617013705
5999.5533673598
1391911.91766
333661.750632
0.1873096733
0.7813858377
89587
24601
France
64540518
0.14749
54501.561
51542.929
90175.4533168775
253489.154
0.0754638757
41103.4533168775
9860.3215943402
0.6368627738
1.9410623778
4.4158306879
0.1619906311
0.4584998816
0.4558164312
0.0326391682
0.432513807
0.0812384365
0.0088033966
534.1176470588
1162.7450980392
21753.2111563181
182.3529411765
401.4134231579
6996.2018059855
7960.1415377289
4.2136
497.555625
0
1611.5004824125
0
0
0
0
0
9519080.99982
37295.6748495238
19129.274
412831.944511834
150508.577678673
77992.9001071714
19365.46432736
0
0
0
102752.205403325
33537.8217
0
0
2581.983
5314.957471376
363.346264904
0
0
0
20414.6885590243
0
0
0
361.85
18477130
285000
23632.4268425926
23632.4268425926
15361.9703668724
2109.0561074125
0
1433.0866952167
8158.9469040248
31324.8531764595
186.5665411765
0.5749499114
37.4%
5.1%
0.0%
3.5%
19.8%
76.2%
0.5%
41103.4533168775
8273.6751234766
10613083.899672
800904.443832
0.0388983964
0.5154571781
102456
49072
Germany
81902306
0.26151
61604.61
64816.05
129587.914527538
317104.31
0.0870316711
48653.9145275378
10349.9605388047
0.5940481643
0.4343977881
19.1081310946
n/a
0.3957661721
0.3754510188
0.0308841602
0.3548611647
0
0.0260250385
5700.4
0
19951.6
0
6803.3993617021
3220.3046808511
3154.2944680851
0
7584.8209258343
0
1463.0420779221
0
508.4011016744
0
267.6519114688
0
21418272.04206
14321.2171850883
27598.118
433332.147838675
0
0
216141.616773694
0
0
0
125149.299071339
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
84512.6753669734
7528.5566266683
1266.22
9304050
1565000
25652
25652
13177.9985106383
9047.8630037564
776.0530131432
20597.0213892108
3220.3046808511
24836.588457476
0
0.5272340417
27.1%
18.6%
1.6%
42.3%
6.6%
51.0%
0.0%
48653.9145275378
9793.5002974788
13276523.25108
1155478.004424
0.0308841602
0.3548611647
122000
80934
Iceland
318499
0.06584
0
1.6
n/a
5384.195
0.8175491415
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.00619934
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20969.97416
7.3328
4401.844
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.81
130
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
225425.47626
184296.404592
n/a
n/a
14
190
Ireland
4458942
0.38059
2405
2313.5
3067.1503847293
14402.127
0.0457733083
701.1503847293
148.3138029581
0.1572459083
0.0826267682
11.2134223769
0.0370636905
0.0632301593
0.228599937
0.0097995175
0.2140880322
0
0.0858703087
0
0
88.7290167866
57.5539568345
0
328.5864111082
113.556
0
0
112.725
0
0
0
0
0
0
1697028.73578
1523.4253714286
659.233
6209.60230225
1232.5681594
0
0
666.7991682
646.5931328
1607.43654765
0
0
0
0
28.2
936.8793826
0
0
0
0
1091.1259116
0
0
0
60.208
140220
50000
146.2829736211
146.2829736211
442.1424111082
112.725
0
0
441.3114111082
202.2850167866
57.5539568345
0.208632808
63.1%
16.1%
0.0%
0.0%
62.9%
28.9%
8.2%
701.1503847293
141.1338957637
602988.253236
27600.767244
0.0102980485
0.2249793365
4485
2366
Italy
60192698
0.3164
26948
29624
45220.4497002398
164858.378
0.0971074336
11925.4497002398
2432.3688357696
0.1981212023
0.3333688695
20.2848524916
n/a
0.2770130641
0.2637180696
0.014560755
0.1499448032
0
0.1305872767
5035.9712230216
1007.1942446043
1812.9496402878
350.1199040767
0
1127.0983213429
1510.7913669065
0
1081.325
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19044969.6472
8962.8204761905
16008.974
101838.418416
0
0
69145.0531388
0
0
0
22226.63894
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10466.7263372
0
1557.312
6349000
1221000
8206.2350119904
8206.2350119904
2637.8896882494
1081.325
0
6117.2962230216
2134.2925659472
3323.7410071942
350.1199040767
0.6881279296
22.1%
9.1%
0.0%
51.3%
17.9%
27.9%
2.9%
11925.4497002398
2400.462456536
6902290.570104
670263.723432
0.0147542931
0.1519378341
31352
33295
Latvia
2254834
0.3228
10442.31
7020.05
n/a
4221.013
0.3710009896
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.9566944231
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
727860.4152
1299.53
1566
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12.78
696340
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
176725.372284
65565.288
n/a
n/a
25280
2794
Liechtenstein
35911
0.85693
25
17
52.3381294964
116.4668099742
0.0734893604
32.3381294964
6.5080344743
0.9005076299
0.454941117
n/a
n/a
0.8823529412
0.6178694158
0.0558898403
0.7605160803
0
0
0
0
15
0
0
2.3381294964
0
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30773.21323
17.32
8.5590713672
272.478387369
126.388751427
0
0
126.388751427
19.700884515
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14000
0
15
15
17.3381294964
0
0
0
2.3381294964
15
15
0.4638487208
53.6%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
7.2%
46.4%
46.4%
32.3381294964
6.5093114073
4876.2324
358.3512
0.0558788764
0.7603668897
…
20
Lithuania
3339456
0.33016
5612.132
5041.54034044
7185.3642406622
8634.709
0.1218057262
3392.3642406622
693.3922267818
1.0158433711
1.5618137805
2.6651047356
0.1747368518
0.3752992544
0.4721214022
0.0790815046
0.6492429142
0
0.0856968153
187.0503597122
0
1661.8705035971
43.1654676259
995.0036457975
0
361.112583841
144.1616800884
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1102554.79296
2833.0027238095
1051.757
29030.9457509
14083.6066738
1293.1862656
565.7689912
3940.176903
4425.1217526
4723.0851647
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
290.7148119
1721985.26944
8900
1892.0863309353
1892.0863309353
1500.2779097269
0
0
1182.0540055097
0
2022.9830874381
187.3271477143
0.5577485779
44.2%
0.0%
0.0%
34.8%
0.0%
59.6%
5.5%
3392.3642406622
682.8457796808
361517.996412
44034.962076
0.0803029062
0.6592703702
10870
3793
Luxembourg
497783
0.14814
349
761
1946.4835760336
3951.878
0.0310872451
387.4835760336
77.9949819667
0.7784186604
0.2305348146
n/a
n/a
0.3436724996
0.1990685053
0.0197364902
0.6348742108
0
0.0154845273
0
0
259.6666666667
1.8681055156
13.2685851319
110.3741007194
2.306118
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
73741.57362
83.76
122.853
3265.4939049799
0
0
2203.670220724
1041.8029791886
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20.0207050673
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
17000
0
261.5347721823
261.5347721823
125.9488038513
0
0
13.2685851319
110.3741007194
261.9727846667
1.8681055156
0.674957052
32.5%
0.0%
0.0%
3.4%
28.5%
67.6%
0.5%
387.4835760336
77.9962014157
165457.228104
5143.609404
0.0197361816
0.6348642847
650
1559
Netherlands
16530388
0.17139
1016.13
836.93
n/a
78174.849
0.0402639601
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.0951240305
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2833143.19932
2503.0664
3147.629
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
280.04
269500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
3273024.577932
131784.930972
n/a
n/a
2239
13782
Norway
4828726
0.20589
9235
9433
11584.3380623501
28157.112
0.4316263685
4680.3380623501
967.414630429
0.969269754
2.6986891094
9.5263222639
0.1320596586
0.2865088402
0.4040229176
0.0334587158
0.0775177752
0.102193587
0.0758321291
0
0
2702.6378896883
0
0
1507.6738609113
107.916
0
0
0
0
0
362.1103117506
0
0
0
994186.39614
6102.4066666667
12153.352
40503.7157468
22772.2018958
0
0
0
0
0
8789.625399
4139.22
0
0
0
936.8793826
814.677724
0
0
0
0
0
0
3051.1113454
354.92
2683000
46000
2702.6378896883
2702.6378896883
1615.5898609113
0
362.1103117506
362.1103117506
1507.6738609113
2810.5538896882
0
0.5774450165
34.5%
0.0%
7.7%
7.7%
32.2%
60.1%
0.0%
4680.3380623501
942.1008083529
1178881.965216
508836.541536
0.0343577363
0.0796006427
23256
6904
Poland
38151602
0.39042
34629.18
35428.56
n/a
93986.673
0.0666604615
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.2719469371
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14895148.45284
7363.2804
6265.195
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
371.34
4050690
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
3935034.025164
262311.18426
n/a
n/a
67595
30355
Romania
21480401
0.42533
12556.5
12729.63
n/a
34789.327
0.1514074705
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.4297371625
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9136258.95733
2338.1104
5267.364
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
38.41
3926190
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
1456559.542836
220533.995952
n/a
n/a
27334
7567
Russian Federation
141909244
0.26833
151400
129170.6
124191.532
646914.985
0.0282570607
74758.532
15002.1915323732
0.5268052305
0.9955904931
0.3216985639
0.0506018329
0.394046947
0.6019615895
0.0232612852
0.8232025783
0.0579163018
0.0000802584
13100.7194244604
0
37798.5611510791
0
18568.345323741
4082.3741007194
98.532
1110
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
38078507.44252
29749.2826
18279.916
628111.7550774
318487.5299748
0
110385.5713902
156455.3321022
0
0
0
36377.91
0
0
5550
855.4116102
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
37910600
45652
50899.2805755396
50899.2805755396
23859.2514244604
0
0
31669.0647482014
4082.3741007194
37897.0931510791
1110
0.680849118
31.9%
0.0%
0.0%
42.4%
5.5%
50.7%
1.5%
74758.532
15048.0739831671
27085036.59198
765343.523088
0.0231903602
0.8206925859
848841
49433
Serbia
7320807
0.43939
7051
7120
11022.8864230525
15243.664
0.1297398709
7952.8864230525
1520.5344000506
1.0863401293
1.5537714083
0.4097908878
1.5895797563
1.0367453913
0.7214885573
0.1050160226
0.8094352326
0
0.0023269539
0
9.6533333333
7266.4739936007
105.4998589364
0
80.7372354056
36.9396122782
424.3573894982
0
0
29.225
0
0
0
0
0
3216689.38773
902.3
1977.711
63661.73426132
58152.9698812
505.150885
0
909.271593
2121.633717
357.2081217
0
0
0
0
676.8
56.212762956
599.602804864
0
0
0
262.6784602
0
20.2060354
0
18.506
4998000
3000
7381.6271858704
7381.6271858704
542.0342371821
29.225
0
0
90.390568739
7332.6386058789
529.8572484346
0.9281695718
6.8%
0.4%
0.0%
0.0%
1.1%
92.2%
6.7%
7952.8864230525
1600.8289632255
638221.724352
82802.804148
0.0997486169
0.7688354871
5232
3070
Slovak Republic
5418590
0.45033
10143
7933.72
8824.2075990916
16722.558
0.0725388424
3208.2075990916
670.0891070458
0.5920742479
0.2039707635
13.8412391415
0.0504256073
0.0752638488
0.3635689169
0.0386171221
0.5323647413
0.487627768
0.0268355452
110.3117505995
0
462.829736211
23.9808153477
158.273381295
2111.2129541995
134.4535583693
127.8204030695
4.175
2.0875
62.625
10.4375
0
0
0
0
2440153.6347
4247.1784952381
1213.035
28055.290733792
4829.2424606
202.060354
0
3616.8803366
969.8896992
2024.1793563
0
13680.5388
258.3
0
253.8
1330.368723292
122.2016586
0
0
0
767.8293452
0
0
0
86.094
497720
75000
597.1223021583
597.1223021583
2531.7602969333
79.325
0
272.7601318945
2113.3004541995
659.9082945803
162.2387184173
0.1861233364
78.9%
2.5%
0.0%
8.5%
65.9%
20.6%
5.1%
3208.2075990916
645.7770640077
700140.058344
50787.34938
0.0400709692
0.5524070674
12916
5616
Slovenia
2039669
0.50495
3200.22
2694.597
3908.0276190476
7090.512
0.1418302374
1852.0276190476
460.884933475
0.9080040041
0.7965495847
24.96826691
0.1354264292
0.4648561547
0.473903411
0.0525762995
0.3706988049
0
0.1056281343
0
0
1252.6
0
127.8380952381
415.0714285714
35.0895238095
21.4285714286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1029930.86155
945.0826840476
1005.649
19296.3303947292
11118.4922150624
3055.15255248
0
0
0
0
4991.3352765788
0
0
0
56.4
0
74.950350608
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
195.626222
820391
50927
1252.6
1252.6
599.4276190476
0
0
127.8380952381
415.0714285714
1287.6895238095
21.4285714286
0.6763398057
32.4%
0.0%
0.0%
6.9%
22.4%
69.5%
1.2%
1852.0276190476
372.7928824271
296865.556416
42104.512332
0.0650002332
0.4582960193
8245
2056
Sweden
9298514
0.15318
63500
67504.73
90148.3869727578
45406.513
0.3483816958
48593.3869727578
10039.6432234812
5.2259303984
4.4973119703
206.2695179036
n/a
0.2338587347
0.5390377865
0.2154166025
0.6183350191
0.3750903354
0.0364794494
10330.9352517986
0
4968.824940048
486.8105515588
4328.9311223022
25867.6981870504
1292.83368
311.17824
1006.175
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1424346.37452
51646.7602476191
15818.798
420339.782480712
0
0
133016.3310382
0
0
0
68902.580714
157665.39
221.4
0
620.4
50174.371665712
0
0
0
0
4869.6545314
0
4869.6545314
0
1772.66
6405730
1918000
15786.5707434053
15786.5707434053
31800.6412293525
1006.175
0
15666.0413741007
25867.6981870504
6261.658620048
797.9887915588
0.3248707638
65.4%
2.1%
0.0%
32.2%
53.2%
12.9%
1.6%
48593.3869727578
9781.3167633994
1901079.886284
662301.434664
0.2211057965
0.6346653661
92564
41555
Switzerland
7743831
0.26377
6242.3540197412
5649.3540197412
10038.8877644567
26973.503
0.178253377
4207.8877644567
1073.8223293417
0.543385795
0.9925407052
16.3465465363
0.3316494731
0.4142862498
0.4191587617
0.0314012509
0.1761607631
0
0.0415370347
522.8370745966
73.114171109
1350.4908429338
394.007602042
150.3920352298
630.7822845741
316.8803347979
48.7074912281
574.8812199561
138.6478630173
0.1496552861
6.9971896859
0
0
0
0
2042590.30287
2611.1003921184
4808.118
44958.7932848779
22530.6329001725
3806.81706936
0
0
7565.6978165203
806.6929760614
0
0
0
0
479.4
2371.8955431992
179.8808414592
0
26.6633914422
0
6884.2217074374
306.8910392257
0
0
174.78318
2027354.01974118
126584.893810813
2340.4496906813
2340.4496906813
1146.7621458299
720.6759279454
0
1248.1103297825
842.5443187003
1667.5208330178
449.7122829561
0.5562053509
27.3%
17.1%
0.0%
29.7%
20.0%
39.6%
10.7%
4207.8877644567
847.0017361016
1129326.623604
201306.284424
0.039810266
0.2233352695
6944
5831
Turkey
72039206
0.30351
20930
21897.87
n/a
97660.685
0.1015279997
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.2330706016
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21864619.41306
6477.1439047619
9915.294
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
179
5096000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
4088857.55958
415133.529192
n/a
n/a
…
26973
Ukraine
45872976
0.31213
15404.2
12141.22
n/a
112338.459
0.0219241213
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.5046411831
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14318331.99888
1521.244
2462.922
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.66
7225620
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
4703386.601412
103117.618296
n/a
n/a
21325
7072
United Kingdom
61801570
0.20362
9128
9036
44337.1731296216
197073.414
0.0316672598
5004.1731296216
1022.7003715176
0.0809716182
0.0745388859
2.4433036248
0.0650336121
0.2231946183
0.1128663101
0.0051112184
0.161403874
0
0.088683982
992.8057553957
74.3405275779
949.6402877698
0
1174.3160516839
325.426235012
349.9567721823
0
467.6
296.425
373.6625
0
0
0
0
0
12584035.6834
11910.1328571429
6240.775
42818.4191547
9981.7814876
7011.4942838
0
7213.5546378
2727.814779
79.3795826
0
0
701.1
0
1260
2831.0050909
0
0
0
0
11012.289293
0
0
0
443.79
938000
151000
2016.7865707434
2016.7865707434
1849.6990588782
1137.6875
0
2634.7218070796
696.1917625899
1673.259559952
0
0.4030209424
37.0%
22.7%
0.0%
52.7%
13.9%
33.4%
0.0%
5004.1731296216
1007.285261823
8251069.697352
261288.7677
0.0051894385
0.1638739374
20700
39333
United States
307007000
0.17714
332527.68
323479.15
579233.470901145
2164971.703
0.0543789528
266018.470901145
63878.8776009111
0.8664899201
0.7412279011
5.8072198447
0.0503851974
0.1043095327
0.4592594943
0.0247331665
0.4548297688
0.3667513923
0.0016398109
0
0
33741.9589756038
0
16384.2840954866
185691.224641888
19346.0970468769
7588.3429687058
3266.5631725845
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
54383219.98
380909.554923307
117728.894
2674480.84739495
334077.696587935
0
0
12921.4537997482
721896.204115945
532491.472421449
0
980869.5744
0
0
27199.182
33406.4419852799
0
0
0
0
31618.8220845881
0
0
0
436.22
40310360
1782857.14285714
33741.9589756038
33741.9589756038
229009.948752957
3266.5631725845
0
19650.847268071
185691.224641888
53088.0560224807
7588.3429687058
0.1268406621
86.1%
1.2%
0.0%
7.4%
69.8%
20.0%
2.9%
266018.470901145
53546.6056370585
90643035.261204
4929073.333992
0.0295056409
0.5425930324
761000
313215
JWEE total
799463662
0.2
838837
821446
1,297,416.22
4082578
0.1
588297
131796
0.7
0.9
10.5
0.0636626282
0.2
0.45
2.9%
44.5%
0.2494979012
0.0
40478
3452
155257
2658
60522
254868
37507
12797
14852
587
3540
17
871
0
891
0
176291111
617520
266064
5518032
1123138
114078
568724
259318
787635
587752
345773
1376737
1181
0
39437
113755
3618
0
27
0
80853
307
99869
15829
11131
152087410
8377234
201845
201845.1
365694.1
18996.8
1761.2
116722.7
258907.4
197194.4
15472.8
34.3%
62.2%
3.2%
0.3%
19.8%
44.0%
33.5%
2.6%
588297.2
118417.8
170929381
11139559
3.2%
49.5%
2205593
709119
JWEE 13
259526686
0.2
282103.302674839
295188.308674839
487,436.83
965001.638
0.1
212287.825228151
45697.0166589388
0.8
1.0
19.2
0.1014253861
0.3
0.44
4.4%
44.7%
0.1766853015
0.0
22146.066186449
1995.7439750556
70848.9113246081
2239.5568649053
21668.9094744203
58882.8378544634
15359.8328228378
3737.0799066785
10487.9105578002
587.2838424835
3540.2047156207
17.4346896859
508.4011016744
0
267.6519114688
0
59193619.1571
174441.762971144
95500.701
1913242.69347645
401448.309648912
98762.0293113014
374483.475464098
67112.2941518899
48217.0961277571
48323.7384849783
309482.925557315
338041.862174249
1180.8
0
6687.8611154
71434.8687230349
1724.2979185432
0
26.6633914422
0
49078.4878078617
306.8910392257
89402.5359337734
7528.5566266683
7694.797455022
58391104.3342273
4974675.04181081
97230.2783510179
97230.3
99648.7
14632.8
776.1
54811.3
61465.9
90016.6
5994.1
45.8%
46.9%
6.9%
0.4%
25.8%
29.0%
42.4%
2.8%
212287.8
42731.2
40402688.579784
3998423.349468
4.7%
47.8%
490955
275149
JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation)
350049635
0.2
354560.434674839
368034.949015279
592,044.74
1266739.55380997
0.1
247132.735400943
52836.8639230016
0.7
0.9
18.7
0.0993406198
0.3
0.42
3.9%
38.3%
0.1625052671
0.0
27377.6489202619
3451.7631597079
83456.7626435529
2656.1539872074
25556.0151835254
64984.3353220769
18059.65128465
4098.9562616829
11585.3093078002
587.2838424835
3540.2047156207
17.4346896859
870.511413425
0
890.7046692626
0
83755642.12814
206777.274123525
129932.139071367
2212173.81872823
470572.853661781
114078.204144501
456134.852153374
88899.2093495151
65739.0628153981
55260.9186573488
345772.68225122
359489.897324249
1180.8
0
6687.8611154
79472.7039990707
3618.4236268432
0
26.6633914422
0
49234.0742804417
306.8910392257
99869.2622709734
15829.4586474485
10683.237466922
73849449.6036673
6548725.04181081
116942.32871073
116942.3
112699.0
15730.2
1761.2
65389.5
69023.4
105947.3
6772.5
47.3%
45.6%
6.4%
0.7%
26.5%
27.9%
42.9%
2.7%
247132.7
49745.1
53035851.638916
5439998.79864
4.2%
40.7%
595102
344912
JWEE 12
254108096
0.2
271960.302674839
287254.588674839
478,612.62
948279.08
0.1
209079.61762906
45026.927551893
0.8
1.0
19.3
0.1028033347
0.3
0.44
4.4%
44.6%
17.2%
3.6%
22035.7544358495
1995.7439750556
70386.081588397
2215.5760495576
21510.6360931254
56771.6249002639
15225.3792644685
3609.2595036089
10483.7355578002
585.1963424835
3477.5797156207
6.9971896859
508.4011016744
0
267.6519114688
0
56753465.5224
170194.584475906
94287.666
1885187.40274266
396619.067188312
98559.9689573014
374483.475464098
63495.4138152899
47247.2064285571
46299.5591286783
309482.925557315
324361.323374249
922.5
0
6434.0611154
70104.4999997429
1602.0962599432
0
26.6633914422
0
48310.6584626617
306.8910392257
89402.5359337734
7528.5566266683
7608.703455022
57893384.3342273
4899675.04181081
96633.1560488596
96633.2
97116.9
14553.5
776.1
54538.5
59352.6
89356.7
5831.8
46.2%
46.4%
7.0%
0.4%
26.1%
28.4%
42.7%
2.8%
209079.6
42,085
39702548.52144
3947636.000088
4.7%
47.8%
478039
269533
2007
2007
Population
Rural Population
Roundwood and Fuelwood removals from forest and outside forest (1000m3)
Roundwood and Fuelwood supply from forest and outside forest including net trade (1000m3)
SWE + (S1 -S4) Total calculated domestic consumption of woody biomass (1000m3)
Total primary energy supply, TPES (ktoe)
Share of renewables (RES) in TPES from ktoe
Total wood energy generation (1000m3)
Total wood energy generation (from TJ converted to ktoe) (calculation totals*heating value)
Average wood energy consumption (m3/capita)
Fuelwood consumption per rural inhabitant (m3/inhabitant)
Pellets consumption per inhabitant (kg/inhabitant)
S1/Net Annual Increments
Share of Total Roundwood supply directly used for energy purposes (%)
Share of energy use in calculated domestic consumption of woody biomass (%)
Share of woody biomass in TPES (%) (from TJ)
Share of woody biomass in RES (%) (from TJ)
Share of wood energy generated from black liquor (%) (heating value)
Imported wood fuel as share of wood energy (%)
1-S1-U1
1-S1-U2
1-S1-U3
1-S1-U4
1-S2-U1
1-S2-U2
1-S2-U3
1-S2-U4
1-S3-U1
1-S3-U2
1-S3-U3
1-S3-U4
1-S4-U1
1-S4-U2
1-S4-U3
1-S4-U4
share of rural population
Total domestic woody biomass supply (including cascaded use) (1000 m3)
Renewable energy supply (ktoe)
Total wood energy generation (TJ) (calculation totals*heating value)
Total woody biomass from forest (TJ)
Total woody biomass from outside forest (TJ)
Unspecified (TJ)
Chips and Particles (TJ)
Wood Residues (TJ)
Bark (TJ)
Unspecified solid co-products (TJ)
Black Liquor (TJ)
Crude Tall Oil (TJ)
Unspecified liquid co-products (TJ)
Wood Charcoal (TJ)
Wood Pellets (TJ)
Wood Briquettes (TJ)
Pyrolysis Oils (TJ)
Cellulose based Ethanol (TJ)
Wood based Biodiesel (TJ)
Non-hazardous Wood Waste (TJ)
Hazardous Wood Waste (TJ)
Unspecified Wood Waste (TJ)
Wood from Unknown Sources (TJ)
Share of woody biomass in TPES (%) (from m3)
Share of woody biomass in RES (%) (from m3)
Wood fuel imports (1000 m3)
Total Fuelwood (1000 m3)
Total Pellets (mt)
Total S1 (1000 m3)
Total wood energy generation (ktoe)
Total primary energy supply, TPES (TJ)
Renewable energy supply, RES (TJ)
Net Annual Increments
SWE
Country
S1
S2
S3
S4
U1
U2
U3
U4
% S1
% S2
% S3
% S4
% U1
% U2
% U3
% U4
Tot S-U
Albania
3161337
0.48089
430
373.82
n/a
2050.135
0.2248827516
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.1931912294
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1520255.34993
337.1
461.04
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
0
293700
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
85835.05218
19302.82272
470
214
Armenia
3226520
0.35809
46
44.6
n/a
2845.324
0.0564501617
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.034620508
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1155384.5468
0.12
160.619
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
0
40000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
119128.025232
6724.796292
360
260
Austria
8300788
0.32447
22783
30703
39339.8153094105
33389.497
0.2408957523
17603.8153094105
3622.3939131128
2.120740261
1.8597611051
48.4291370892
0.2631066301
0.2065956675
0.4474808834
0.1084890232
0.4503567294
0.1652193419
0.0245157082
4.1189393858
403.4254902325
5477.0217948189
458.5405547901
3697.2599343696
5441.5940506282
1032.5343067142
1011.9073605593
0
0
58.8602346866
18.5526432252
0
0
0
0
2693356.68236
16311.8014285714
8043.388
151662.388354209
49037.4407607099
975.1135315698
3433.9354406998
15456.7431408777
11542.9791079731
6850.2991880819
26928.3905415998
25057.56
0
0
600.563260762
9013.7364124163
2016.3060825715
0
0
0
749.3208869473
0
0
0
0.1061248477
0.4405426274
431.57
5009000
402000
6343.1067792274
6343.1067792274
11183.2956522713
77.4128779118
0
3701.3788737554
5845.0195408608
6568.4163362197
1489.0005585746
0.3603256833
63.5%
0.4%
0.0%
21.0%
33.2%
37.3%
8.5%
17603.8153094105
3543.4552829638
1397951.460396
336760.568784
25136
21736
Belarus
9702116
0.25305
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
28057.753
0.0456910787
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
n/a
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
2455120.4538
ERROR:#N/A
1281.989
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
n/a
n/a
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
n/a
1174722.002604
53674.315452
22809
4893
Belgium
10625700
0.02589
4945
7413.65
n/a
57025.137
0.026717095
n/a
n/a
n/a
2.5687081446
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
275099.373
n/a
1523.546
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
399.87
706650
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
2387528.435916
63787.823928
5289
15085
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3934816
0.51379
3753
3361.15
n/a
5304.575
0.0994980748
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.5190513094
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2021669.11264
n/a
527.795
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
1.83
1049350
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
222091.9461
22097.72106
…
650
Bulgaria
7659764
0.28542
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
20115.636
0.0478590883
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
n/a
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
2186249.84088
ERROR:#N/A
962.716
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
n/a
n/a
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
n/a
842201.448048
40306.993488
14120
2849
Canada
32931956
0.19418
198236
199893.52
241867.016972706
271731.208
0.1617114476
77816.0169727057
37351.6252133957
2.3629333457
0.467028522
7.4699480347
n/a
0
0.3217305855
0.0576434056
0.3564584106
0.9941533987
0.0023455325
0
0
0
0
0
29992.45
611.9047619048
0
347.619047619
0
0
0
10047.1860609576
27433.5672034854
9383.2898987389
0
6394727.21608
408102.493333333
43942.047
1563837.84443445
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1554694.708
0
0
330
5860.8730142284
0
0
0
0
2952.2634202232
0
0
0
0.0576434056
0.3564584106
182.52
2986520
246000
0
0
30604.3547619048
347.619047619
46864.0431631819
10394.8051085766
57426.0172034854
9995.1946606437
0
0
39.3%
0.4%
60.2%
13.4%
73.8%
12.8%
0.0%
77816.0169727057
15663.5122326996
11376842.216544
1839765.623796
442030
164051
Cyprus
783976
0.2968
24.832
25.53
573.5257841727
2437.236
0.0299371911
31.5257841727
4.2206586849
0.0402126904
0.0345661814
n/a
0.0572269457
0.1578056004
0.0549683816
0.0017317398
0.0578457689
0
1.7242013617
0
0
4.0287769784
0
0
0
27.4970071942
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
232684.0768
70.7111904762
72.964
176.71053782
16.973069736
16.973069736
0
0
12.984398348
0
0
0
0
0
129.78
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0026036852
0.0869715913
54.3568
8043
0
4.0287769784
4.0287769784
27.4970071942
0
0
0
0
31.5257841727
0
0.1277930774
87.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
31.5257841727
6.3457951877
102042.196848
3054.856752
40
542
Czech Republic
10334160
0.26459
18508
16472
n/a
45845.189
0.0466675576
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.608196115
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2734315.3944
2340.236
2139.483
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
50
1663000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
1919446.373052
89575.874244
22669
10887
Denmark
5461438
0.13134
2358.4
2829.86
n/a
19762.281
0.1629229946
n/a
n/a
n/a
1.9941997724
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
717305.26692
1673.47
3219.73
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
447.32
1430450
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
827407.180908
134803.65564
5176
9191
Estonia
1341672
0.30513
4500
4500
n/a
5623.844
0.1069592258
n/a
n/a
n/a
2.3439218814
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
409384.37736
2123.2
601.522
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
0.3
959565
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
235459.100592
25184.523096
11361
4698
Finland
5288720
0.1491
56869.76
69311.47
71204.1575584171
36795.024
0.2349330442
35729.1575584171
7545.6126563698
6.7557287129
6.788868868
26.5920676459
0.031747636
0.1032426451
0.5017847101
0.2050715514
0.872893603
0.4847786789
0.0047370051
2141.8481653034
361.0262474952
4653.025086576
0
8871.5418099739
18158.8517890686
1070.73946
0
446.75
25.375
0
0
0
0
0
0
788548.152
43952.4121595679
8644.367
315919.710696893
21089.0114674795
0
39206.0020700569
21739.4797303562
4207.2840832877
62658.2191557329
9021.9615635347
153151.14
0
0
0
276.6607877746
0
0
0
0
4341.2727554012
228.6790832695
0
0
0.1954581747
0.8319739582
169.2492
5353350
140638
7155.8994993746
7155.8994993746
28101.1330590425
472.125
0
11460.1399752773
18545.2530365638
5723.764546576
0
0.2002817863
78.7%
1.3%
0.0%
32.1%
51.9%
16.0%
0.0%
35729.1575584171
7191.8882288284
1540534.064832
361922.357556
89587
35475
France
63824699
0.14749
63191
62021
86343.4554160619
263483.089
0.0632997816
38469.4554160619
9371.3673297677
0.6027361824
2.5803354195
2.3501873468
0.2235665269
0.4416537055
0.4455399107
0.0355672441
0.5618857305
0.0754397983
0.0079153707
205.5992704058
0
27095.0287277702
91.1764705882
479.3179848552
7759.8400412797
712.32312
27.1602
437.7722465116
0
1564.1686046512
97.06875
0
0
0
0
9413504.85551
27693.6919333333
16678.422
392360.407362712
207719.914145044
75702.14658
3058.2971754776
0
0
0
50711.3144787552
29599.59
0
0
2160
2810.6381478
281.06381478
0
0
0
20317.4430208552
0
0
0
0.0293889077
0.4642813442
304.5
24290000
150000
27391.8044687642
27391.8044687642
8978.6413461348
2099.0096011628
0
1122.6895017726
7759.8400412797
29371.5204524213
215.4054205882
0.7120403492
23.3%
5.5%
0.0%
2.9%
20.2%
76.4%
0.6%
38469.4554160619
7743.4801848844
11031509.970252
698292.172296
102456
47874
Germany
82266372
0.26151
81173.08
78879.85
124990.679100986
331169.028
0.0785358044
41349.6791009864
10959.7992721848
0.5026316111
0.4233587708
15.6078354835
0.1645336741
0.2719942408
0.3308221013
0.0330942762
0.4213909367
0.0407741603
0.0333925203
4190.1417868488
0
17264.7231299149
0
1236.3687902548
3573.2792106017
3288.7695383446
0
8651.375
0
3145.0216450216
0
0
0
0
0
21513478.94172
29742.6242857143
26008.626
458864.875927834
173063.884959584
37722.64748826
0
0
0
4385.72193865
0
18709.83
0
0
4410
34868.2065872
16497.223911
0
0
0
169207.36104314
0
0
0
0.0251328988
0.3200183538
1380.77
9107920
1284000
21454.8649167636
21454.8649167636
8098.4175392011
11796.3966450216
0
14077.8855771036
3573.2792106017
23698.5143132811
0
0.5188641214
19.6%
28.5%
0.0%
34.0%
8.6%
57.3%
0.0%
41349.6791009864
8323.2376779665
13865384.864304
1088929.153368
122000
83641
Iceland
311566
0.06584
0
1.42
n/a
4836.174
0.8165454758
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.0019499349
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20513.50544
9.14
3948.956
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
1.72
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
202480.933032
165334.889808
14
188
Ireland
4356930
0.38059
2772.529
2828.529
4832.0418161879
15088.82
0.0315161822
434.0418161879
95.5136305532
0.0996210213
0.0337714783
5.6783101863
0.0151900371
0.021195483
0.0898257575
0.0063300928
0.2008521446
0
0.1818973589
0
0
38.3693045564
21.5827338129
0
198.8022778186
64.65
0
0
110.6375
0
0
0
0
0
0
1658203.9887
1924.1391295238
475.542
3998.964684
505.150885
0
0
424.3267434
424.3267434
912.8651999
0
0
0
0
30
509.1735775
122.2016586
0
0
0
1070.9198762
0
0
0
0.0057902384
0.1837227109
78.95106
56000
24740
59.9520383693
59.9520383693
263.4522778186
110.6375
0
0
309.4397778186
103.0193045564
21.5827338129
0.1381250288
60.7%
25.5%
0.0%
0.0%
71.3%
23.7%
5.0%
434.0418161879
87.3678654068
631738.71576
19909.992456
4485
4398
Italy
59375288
0.3164
8124
13071
n/a
179598.604
0.0670098527
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.3086817152
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
18786341.1232
3970
12034.876
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
1050
5799000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
7519434.352272
503876.188368
31352
41810
Latvia
2276100
0.3228
14320.9
11879.08
11431.7770718819
4669.844
0.3013239843
6860.7770718819
1385.2925788632
3.0142687368
3.587872623
15.816528272
0.203331775
0.3855602016
0.6001496555
0.2966464359
0.9844766809
0
0.0022242722
1197.7
0
3080
302.4004796163
1191.0126526919
4.89141
323.1156383405
719.6240349832
42.03285625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
734725.08
3014.164113551
1407.136
57999.4296918464
38113.7918803261
230.0275275971
247.725994004
13904.6903127472
4249.6505205829
477.468189339
0
0
0
0
12.51
237.8044276356
118.9022138178
0
0
0
265.4163779967
141.4422478
0
0
0.2957270753
0.9814256106
15.260236
2636100
36000
4580.1004796163
4580.1004796163
2238.6437360156
42.03285625
0
2430.7455089419
4.89141
3403.1156383405
1022.0245145995
0.6675775108
32.6%
0.6%
0.0%
35.4%
0.1%
49.6%
14.9%
6860.7770718819
1380.999308008
195517.028592
58913.970048
25280
4571
Liechtenstein
35341
0.85693
38
30
40.1007194245
112.4086844368
0.0303156168
14.1007194245
2.8377636417
0.3989903915
0.4292587644
n/a
n/a
0.4700239808
0.3516325798
0.025245057
0.832740996
0
0.0049642857
7.0503597122
0
0
7.0503597122
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30284.76313
0.09
3.4077386071
118.811488152
118.811488152
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0252500103
0.832904387
0.07
13000
0
14.1007194245
14.1007194245
0
0
0
7.0503597122
0
0
7.0503597122
1
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
50.0%
0.0%
0.0%
50.0%
14.1007194245
2.8383204357
4706.3268
142.6752
…
26
Lithuania
3375618
0.33016
6195
4878.18
8831.4988009592
9452.75
0.1019324535
3376.4988009592
286.5110520656
1.0002609303
1.2118413853
34.3640779259
0.0170747129
0.1233899662
0.3823245496
0.0718999487
0.7053685676
0
0.0280533196
601.9184652278
0
0
0
1645.0839328537
0
1043.1654676259
0
0
0
86.3309352518
0
0
0
0
0
1114494.03888
3120.9119047619
963.542
11995.644727884
1381.8503489352
0
758.332508562
3707.403375192
3707.5246114044
2410.5279212214
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30.005962569
0
0
0
0.0718999487
0.7053685676
94.722
1350590
116000
601.9184652278
601.9184652278
2688.2494004796
86.3309352518
0
2247.0023980815
0
1129.4964028777
0
0.1782670455
79.6%
2.6%
0.0%
66.5%
0.0%
33.5%
0.0%
3376.4988009592
679.6522403745
395767.737
40341.576456
10870
5455
Luxembourg
479993
0.14814
268
380
1479.0622241775
4208.341
0.0304818455
359.0622241775
72.2697252889
0.7480572095
0.2823946497
n/a
n/a
0.5650637385
0.2427634337
0.0171729727
0.56338363
0
0.0724108476
0
0
213.2398081535
1.48441247
8.654676259
134.273381295
1.409946
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
71106.16302
2074
128.278
3025.7888583945
0
0
1809.248409716
1204.2999158754
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12.2405328031
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0171742961
0.5634270449
26
20080
0
214.7242206235
214.7242206235
144.338003554
0
0
8.654676259
134.273381295
214.6497541535
1.48441247
0.5980139546
40.2%
0.0%
0.0%
2.4%
37.4%
59.8%
0.4%
359.0622241775
72.2752944638
176194.820988
5370.743304
650
1120
Netherlands
16381696
0.17139
1222.06
997.96
16834.8714869945
79349.595
0.0302317107
3236.8714869946
666.5670754036
0.1975907432
0.0931737121
40.8993061524
0.0973682056
0.5189922234
0.1922718263
0.0084003841
0.2778666472
0
0.5411398034
194.734647065
0
240.5901365864
82.6086956522
1789.9917672818
304.347826087
270
124.727826087
196.4705882353
0
0
33.4
0
0
0
0
2807658.87744
4564.0085714286
2398.874
27907.830313
1616.482832
3030.90531
0
1515.452655
4344.297611
0
0
0
0
0
1350
13645.851877
40.7338862
0
0
0
2364.1061418
0
0
0
0.0082110916
0.2716052576
1751.6
261600
670000
517.9334793035
517.9334793035
2489.0674194557
229.8705882353
0
2181.1970025821
304.347826087
510.5901365864
240.7365217391
0.1600105168
76.9%
7.1%
0.0%
67.4%
9.4%
15.8%
7.4%
3236.8714869946
651.5467908104
3322208.84346
100436.056632
2239
13598
Norway
4709152
0.20589
10514
12321
11358.652705036
27545.596
0.4650058398
2794.652705036
584.2421203807
0.5934513698
2.5145237331
6.1582212679
0.1199903198
0.1993048853
0.2460373407
0.0212100011
0.0456123327
0
0.1202403431
0
0
2455.6354916067
0
0
0
68.034
0
0
0
0
0
270.9832134293
0
0
0
969567.30528
6175.0333333333
12808.863
24461.0490961
20690.9802496
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
590.6413499
896.1454964
0
0
0
0
0
0
2283.2820002
0.0204218849
0.0439174806
336.03
2438000
29000
2455.6354916067
2455.6354916067
68.034
0
270.9832134293
270.9832134293
0
2523.6694916067
0
0.8786907537
2.4%
0.0%
9.7%
9.7%
0.0%
90.3%
0.0%
2794.652705036
562.5329917211
1153279.013328
536281.476084
23256
8564
Poland
38120560
0.39042
35934.56
37639.03
n/a
96823.686
0.0498177481
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.2301688717
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14883029.0352
8012.14
4823.538
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
239.58
3425610
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
4053814.085448
201951.888984
67595
32047
Romania
21546873
0.42533
15341
15573.05
n/a
39697.939
0.1244406668
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.409840918
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9164531.49309
1961.6
4940.038
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
35
3756000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
1662073.310052
206829.510984
27334
7175
Russian Federation
142114903
0.26833
207000
158024
103692.381294964
672590.682
0.028846711
38273.381294964
7763.1781711665
0.2693129326
1.1748141274
n/a
n/a
0.20905667
0.3691050472
0.011542203
0.4001219754
0.1435885315
0.0003326594
0
0
33035.9712230216
0
0
5237.4100719424
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
38133691.92199
32297.488
19402.029
325028.7436704
0
0
278358.3436704
0
0
0
0
46670.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0114542363
0.3970725232
12.732
44800000
0
33035.9712230216
33035.9712230216
5237.4100719424
0
0
0
5237.4100719424
33035.9712230216
0
0.8631578947
13.7%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
13.7%
86.3%
0.0%
38273.381294964
7704.0126110633
28160026.673976
812324.150172
848841
65419
Serbia
7381579
0.43939
7125
7138
9662.8045564296
16642.753
0.1001612534
6228.8045564296
1202.0818261142
0.8438309143
1.7056217705
0.1368270935
1.2826953869
0.839136729
0.6446166349
0.0722285445
0.7211226108
0
0.0063115578
15
7.1942446043
5814.0865087365
153.4772182254
2.3980815348
16.7865707434
25.038
184.3864325853
0
0
10.4375
0
0
0
0
0
3243391.99681
1014.7080666667
1666.959
50328.76189575
46958.8262696
585.9750266
0
343.5026018
1353.8043718
19.84489565
0
0
0
0
90
61.1008293
814.677724
0
0
0
101.030177
0
0
0
0.0753355025
0.7521421702
39.31346
5532000
1010
5989.7579715662
5989.7579715662
228.6090848634
10.4375
0
17.3980815348
23.9808153477
5849.5620087364
337.8636508107
0.9616223976
3.7%
0.2%
0.0%
0.3%
0.4%
93.9%
5.4%
6228.8045564296
1253.7901599224
696798.782604
69792.239412
5232
3434
Slovak Republic
5397318
0.45033
8209
7089
10098.1938847655
17848.643
0.0544825172
3561.1938847655
742.1864789799
0.6598080537
0.1448217453
0.7411088248
0.07000509
0.1217138858
0.3526565171
0.0415822356
0.7632216303
0.4208857453
0.0063720204
230.7913669065
49.7841726619
562.3501199041
19.9040767386
69.4716834532
2122.7409363242
274.8776978417
12.0863309353
0
100.2
118.9875
0
0
0
0
0
2430574.21494
5744.0590476191
972.439
31073.86350193
6704.36254572
565.7689912
0
3538.885039956
3632.236923504
1250.22842595
0
13078.5462
0
0
60
122.2016586
0
0
0
0
2121.633717
0
0
0
0.0401615595
0.7371458144
22.692
352000
4000
862.829736211
862.829736211
2479.1766485545
219.1875
0
300.2630503597
2272.7251089861
956.2153177458
31.9904076739
0.24228665
69.6%
6.2%
0.0%
8.4%
63.8%
26.9%
0.9%
3561.1938847655
716.8293385744
747286.985124
40714.076052
12916
6537
Slovenia
2010323
0.50495
3159.01
2707.01
3147.5816520712
7319.578
0.1004721857
950.5816520712
238.5772295111
0.4728502097
0.6373677174
24.871625107
0.0002687579
0.2463880813
0.3020038103
0.0325943968
0.32441214
0
0.0746911113
1.95
0
665.025
0
16.6888784
224.2687736712
18.1
0
24.549
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1015112.59885
439.8357142857
735.414
9988.7514451712
22.0649906568
0
7525.0104674556
0
0
58.343993211
2127.5742914076
0
0
0
0
18.1347261362
0
0
0
0
237.622976304
0
0
0
0.0261410807
0.2601822632
71
647000
50000
666.975
666.975
259.0576520712
24.549
0
43.1878784
224.2687736712
683.125
0
0.7016493518
27.3%
2.6%
0.0%
4.5%
23.6%
71.9%
0.0%
950.5816520712
191.3416789325
306456.091704
30790.313352
8245
2197
Sweden
9148092
0.15318
78003.54568
81586.74568
93132.379763789
50059.598
0.305490128
45945.379763789
9506.2741179946
5.0224002736
4.229472621
180.3654794901
n/a
0.1791799013
0.4933341109
0.1898991302
0.6216211681
0.4026965143
0.0178821027
9640.2877697842
0
4546.7625899281
431.654676259
2931.9020383693
26370.1145371703
905.556
206.8646522782
912.2375
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1401304.73256
49490.9808
15292.713
398008.6847722
0
0
123175.9917984
0
0
0
71468.7472098
160276.71
0
0
0
34257.1982942
0
0
0
0
7577.263275
1252.7741948
0
0
0.1847458285
0.6047522048
821.6
5926780
1650000
14618.7050359712
14618.7050359712
30414.4372278178
912.2375
0
13484.4273081535
26370.1145371703
5452.3185899281
638.5193285372
0.3181757363
66.2%
2.0%
0.0%
29.3%
57.4%
11.9%
1.4%
45945.379763789
9248.3019044596
2095895.249064
640275.307884
92564
47187
Switzerland
7551116
0.26377
6491.251
5327.926
11092.8571428571
25765.341
0.1778563691
3714.8571428571
482.5042638416
0.4919613396
0.9106669188
16.9511367591
n/a
0.2774194115
0.3348873149
0.0290219357
0.163176252
0
0.0674646401
0.00
0.00
1,120.44
357.63
0.00
0.00
307.99
273.15
265.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
202.24
830.95
331.09
26.36
1991757.86732
2594.2118080139
4582.53
20201.4885185216
0
0
12540.3828437462
0
0
0
2050.710532746
0
0
0
982.35
2382.9323427
0
0
0
0
2245.1127993294
0
0
0
0.0290219357
0.163176252
250.6215
1813828
128000
1478.0700952381
1478.0700952381
581.1452380952
265
1390.6418095238
467.2380952381
830.9523809524
1759.5238095238
657.1428571429
0.3978807363
15.6%
7.1%
37.4%
12.6%
22.4%
47.4%
17.7%
3714.8571428571
747.760070016
1078743.296988
191861.36604
6944
7378
Turkey
70137756
0.30351
18319
20390
n/a
100005.025
0.0960137653
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.2291014743
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21287510.32356
3796
9601.859
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
364
4877000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
4187010.3867
402010.632612
…
27615
Ukraine
46329000
0.31213
16884.3
13660.45
n/a
137343.645
0.0125750849
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.6020273982
n/a
n/a
0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14460670.77
870.01
1727.108
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
n/a
15.96
8705720
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
n/a
5750303.72886
72310.557744
21325
8512
United Kingdom
60986648
0.20362
9118
8658.9074125
50550.4626196684
210967.834
0.0219264563
2274.4626196684
446.8615341658
0.0372944357
0.0246229269
4.2252855084
0.0194326526
0.0524298481
0.0449939032
0.0021181501
0.0966024809
0
0.2802094195
217.6772
0
236.308
0
1072.3917946684
0
530.46375
0
217.621875
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12418101.26576
13796.5171687133
4625.777
18709.1987124556
2982.6498301091
842.59167618
0
2038.2126641503
808.0666073162
0
0
0
0
0
1428
8503.19874425
0
0
0
0
2106.47919045
0
0
0
0.0021701148
0.098972437
637.3258504
305770
257686
453.9852
453.9852
1602.8555446684
217.621875
0
1507.6908696684
0
766.77175
0
0.1996010821
70.5%
9.6%
0.0%
66.3%
0.0%
33.7%
0.0%
2274.4626196684
457.8244229397
8832801.273912
193672.031436
20700
48276
United States
301621157
0.17714
444003
436301.24
789899.841185512
2337013.725
0.0466771298
365295.841185512
124427.385299529
1.2111081491
0.9488449538
3.1728543499
0.0644230933
0.1161936731
0.462458431
0.0314632527
0.6740614258
0.8915051086
0.0014399288
0
0
50695.4436450839
0
28559
265617.52
13379.7944072135
4113.0831332141
2814
117
0
0
0
0
0
0
53429171.75098
492273.891904762
109085.093
5209525.76772068
427157.002778478
0
0
0
0
90480.023430784
0
4644318.83523
0
0
26610
20959.9062814134
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0314632527
0.6740614258
526
50696000
957000
50695.4436450839
50695.4436450839
311669.397540428
2931
0
31373
265734.52
64075.2380522975
4113.0831332141
0.1387791426
85.3%
0.8%
0.0%
8.6%
72.7%
17.5%
1.1%
365295.841185512
73530.0533175643
97846090.6383
4567174.673724
761000
424604
JWEE total
756513325
0.2
1210203
1168661
1679045
4390095
0.1
691526
216173
0.9
1.0
8.1
0.044596221
0.2
0.41
4.9%
81.5%
0.7342562011
0.0
18649
821
154742
1928
51571
365157
23888
6673
14355
353
4984
149
10249
28265
9714
26
161515879
1138223
265130
9050734
976488
119672
470113
63873
34283
169504
162309
6645557
0
0
38193
133540
19891
0
0
0
215687
1623
0
0
3.2%
52.5%
6871
161165581
6117074
176140
176140.2
447289.2
19841.5
48254.7
94824.8
394596.3
193328.5
8775.9
25.5%
64.7%
2.9%
7.0%
13.7%
57.1%
28.0%
1.3%
691525.5
139196.5
183804497
11100444
2581215
987519
JWEE 13
257776554
0.2
339188.00768
356656.9680925
506,447.02
1015174.782
0.1
196652.016828995
44289.6626365695
0.8
1.0
15.9
0.1232833972
0.2
0.39
4.4%
50.4%
0.2156442596
0.0
16647.4144986345
821.4301549939
67690.4048473368
1535.4542381224
18385.9956721381
64000.5515686007
8259.9528260947
1715.5562144532
10955.3056215116
236.2125
4897.4754843594
115.6213932252
202.2380952381
830.9523809524
331.0938095238
26.3575238095
58871125.53635
194849.692732486
87927.419
1854319.59526789
508100.278923639
116411.216363546
190748.868205552
44745.4498364155
21981.682235629
76135.5227971758
162308.698617843
399873.3762
0
0
9890.693260762
92835.4226406802
19731.4731909515
0
0
0
210075.459717627
1481.4532780695
0
0
3.9%
45.0%
4287.9498704
58421771
4092074
86694.7037390876
86694.7
92362.1
16204.6
1390.6
46191.0
65889.1
81178.9
3393.0
44.1%
47.0%
8.2%
0.7%
23.5%
33.5%
41.3%
1.7%
196652.0
39583.9
42503337.772776
3681345.178692
490955
309795
JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation)
279365316
0.2
360695.96768
374062.1880925
542106.202684077
1104551.03868444
0.1
209781.202684077
46558.6013812549
0.8
1.0
17.6
0.1249994527
0.2
0.39
4.2%
50.3%
0.2051352752
0.0
18648.8179706395
821.4301549939
70797.7551757698
1926.0293606331
23003.4293487065
64175.5174233927
9894.8239860612
2559.9080755234
11193.8090659969
236.2125
4983.8064196112
149.0213932252
202.2380952381
830.9523809524
331.0938095238
26.3575238095
63487182.13278
203474.867322227
92572.1007386071
1949315.52263038
549331.215473052
119672.149201143
189945.678298402
62668.6962634792
34283.1549786162
79023.5189077362
162308.698617843
399873.3762
0
0
11253.203260762
106706.838412513
19891.1092909693
0
0
0
212734.988199993
1622.8955258695
0
0
3.8%
45.6%
6123.6021064
62662981
4914074
92194.0326620362
92194.0
99633.7
16562.8
1390.6
53048.3
66064.1
86007.5
4661.3
43.9%
47.5%
7.9%
0.7%
25.3%
31.5%
41.0%
2.2%
209781.2
42226.7
46245342.88764
3875808.713724
528694
332325
JWEE 12
252379236
0.2
330979.00768
349567.9680925
496,348.82
997326.139
0.1
193090.822944229
43547.4761575896
0.8
1.0
16.2
0.1247229086
0.2
0.39
4.4%
50.1%
21.2%
2.2%
16416.623131728
771.645982332
67128.0547274328
1515.5501613838
18316.5239886849
61877.8106322765
7985.075128253
1703.469883518
10955.3056215116
136.0125
4778.4879843594
115.6213932252
202.2380952381
830.9523809524
331.0938095238
26.3575238095
56440551.32141
189105.633684867
86954.98
1823245.73176596
501395.916377919
115845.447372346
190748.868205552
41206.5647964595
18349.445312125
74885.2943712258
162308.698617843
386794.83
0
0
9830.693260762
92713.2209820802
19731.4731909515
0
0
0
207953.826000627
1481.4532780695
0
0
3.9%
44.7%
4265.2578704
58069771
4,088,074.00
85831.8740028766
85831.9
89882.9
15985.4
1390.6
45890.7
63616.4
80222.7
3361.0
44.5%
46.5%
8.3%
0.7%
23.8%
32.9%
41.5%
1.7%
193090.8
38,867
41756050.787652
3640631.10264
478039
303258
2005
2005
Population
Rural Population
Roundwood and Fuelwood removals from forest and outside forest (1000m3)
Roundwood and Fuelwood supply from forest and outside forest including net trade (1000m3)
Total primary energy supply, TPES (ktoe)
Share of renewables (RES) in TPES
Total wood energy generation (1000m3)
Average wood energy consumption (m3/capita)
Fuelwood consumption per rural inhabitant (m3/inhabitant)
S1/Net Annual Increments
Share of Total Roundwood supply directly used for energy purposes (%)
Share of woody biomass in TPES (%)
Share of woody biomass in RES (%)
Res (ktoe)
Total wood energy generation (ktoe)
Direct mobilisation of woody biomass for energy production from forests available for wood supply (m3/ha)
Total woody biomass used for energy per ha of Forest available for wood supply (m3/ha)
Total Fuelwood (1000 m3)
Total S1 (1000 m3)
FAWS (1000 ha)
OWL (1000 ha)
Net Annual Increments
Albania
3142065
0.48089
296.2
240.023
2206.3
31.5%
n/a
n/a
0.1
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
1510987.63785
694.3
n/a
n/a
n/a
164.7
0
611.3
215.9
470.0
Armenia
3217500
0.35809
42.7
42.2
2505.0
6.1%
n/a
n/a
0.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
1152154.575
153.5
n/a
n/a
n/a
38.7
0
283
…
360.0
Austria
8227828
0.32447
16471
24471
33761.3
21.0%
14443.0
1.8
1.5
31.3%
28%
9%
41%
2669683.35116
7085.2
2907.2
2.1
4.3
3892
6929.323
3343
0
25136.0
Belarus
9795287
0.25305
8696
7254.954
26873.1
4.2%
n/a
n/a
0.5
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
2478697.37535
1133.5
n/a
n/a
n/a
1265.954
0
6376.3
50
22809.0
Belgium
10478617
0.02589
4950
7044
58684.7
2.0%
n/a
n/a
2.3
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
271291.39413
1156.1
n/a
n/a
n/a
635
0
667
0
5289.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3915238
0.51379
3806
3414.124
5042.1
13.9%
n/a
n/a
0.5
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
2011610.13202
699.6
n/a
n/a
n/a
1072.346
0
1252
0
…
Bulgaria
7739900
0.28542
5861.67
5353.397
19945.6
5.5%
n/a
n/a
1.2
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
2209122.258
1098.1
n/a
n/a
n/a
2555.04
0
2561
0
14120.0
Canada
32245209
0.19418
203121
203534.156
272197.6
15.9%
47810.0
1.5
0.4
n/a
n/a
4%
22%
6261374.68362
43411.2
9623.6
n/a
0.2
2605.156
0
310134
0
442030.0
Cyprus
757794
0.2968
9.656
10.149
2220.1
2.4%
n/a
n/a
0.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
224913.2592
53.7
n/a
n/a
n/a
4.182
0
43.2
0
40.0
Czech Republic
10235828
0.26459
15510
13456
44940.9
4.0%
7939.0
0.8
0.4
25.2%
37%
4%
90%
2708297.73052
1785.2
1598.0
2.0
3.2
966
5036
2518
0
22669.0
Denmark
5419432
0.13134
2962.5
3433.959
18888.6
15.1%
n/a
n/a
2.2
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
711788.19888
2860.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
1548.95
0
385
0
5176.0
Estonia
1346097
0.30513
5500
5460.16
5164.3
11.4%
n/a
n/a
2.3
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
410734.57761
588.5
n/a
n/a
n/a
932.825
0
2074.1
92
11361.0
Finland
5246096
0.1491
52250.182
67708.447
34254.2
23.6%
32913.1
6.3
6.8
8.6%
10%
19%
82%
782192.9136
8081.5
6625.0
0.3
1.6
5309.608
6802.5293347627
20004
734
89587.0
France
62885822
0.14749
52498.739
50567.122
270627.9
5.8%
41265.1
0.7
2.6
38.6%
69%
3%
53%
9275029.88678
15565.9
8306.2
2.4
2.8
24141.112
34786.6197183099
14743
0
102456.0
Germany
82469422
0.26151
56946
53478
338258.0
4.9%
30270.6
0.37
0.30
12.1%
24%
0.018
0.364
21566578.54722
16727.2
6093.140
1.232
2.864
6387.000
13023.000
10568.000
0.000
122000.000
Iceland
296734
0.06584
0
0.604
3480.5
75.7%
n/a
n/a
0.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
19536.96656
2635.3
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.030
0.000
41.500
94.100
14.000
Ireland
4159096
0.38059
2648
2542.994
14436.9
2.5%
n/a
n/a
0.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
1582910.34664
363.5
n/a
n/a
n/a
19.298
0
656.3
0
4485.0
Italy
58607043
0.3164
8690.855
14295.779
183872.9
6.3%
n/a
n/a
0.4
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
18543268.4052
11625.2
n/a
n/a
n/a
6537.542
0
7741
616.7
31352.0
Latvia
2300512
0.3228
12842.6
9663.651
4416.0
33.4%
n/a
n/a
0.8
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
742605.2736
1476.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
607.757
0
3088.3
112
25280.0
Liechtenstein
34716
0.85693
22.167
22.167
0.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.1
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
29749.18188
0.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
4.167
0
4
0
…
Lithuania
3414304
0.33016
6045
5158.987
8842.1
10.0%
3208.6
0.9
1.0
15.5%
29%
7%
73%
1127266.60864
880.9
645.9
0.8
1.7
1116.307
1484.2
1835
0
10870.0
Luxembourg
465158
0.14814
248.95
311.463
4388.1
1.7%
n/a
n/a
0.3
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
68908.50612
72.7
n/a
n/a
n/a
20.08
0
86.1
0
650.0
Netherlands
16319868
0.17139
1110
938.795
78823.9
2.7%
1962.0
0.1
0.1
15.9%
33%
1%
18%
2797062.17652
2153.5
394.9
1.1
6.7
263.695
312.5
295
0
2239.0
Norway
4623291
0.20589
9667.179
12398.112
26759.3
48.5%
5772.8
1.2
1.4
15.3%
25%
4%
9%
951889.38399
12972.9
1162.0
0.5
0.9
1287.305
3128
6291
0
23256.0
Poland
38165445
0.39042
31944.5
33386.1
92376.7
4.9%
n/a
n/a
0.2
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
14900553.0369
4484.4
n/a
n/a
n/a
3404.2
0
8417
0
67595.0
Romania
21634370
0.42533
14501
14678.037
38652.9
13.0%
n/a
n/a
0.3
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
9201746.5921
5025.4
n/a
n/a
n/a
2891.04
0
0
0
27334.0
Russian Federation
143953092
0.26833
185000
137430
651711.6
2.9%
n/a
n/a
1.2
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
38626933.17636
18695.1
n/a
n/a
n/a
46720
0
690978.2
2882
848841.0
Serbia
7440768
0.43939
3170
2786
16051.0
11.4%
n/a
n/a
0.6
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
3269399.05152
1837.1
n/a
n/a
n/a
1856
0
1534
0
5232.0
Slovak Republic
5387001
0.45033
9302
7591.531
18830.5
4.3%
n/a
n/a
0.1
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
2425928.16033
808.5
n/a
n/a
n/a
178
0
1751.2
0
12916.0
Slovenia
2000474
0.50495
2732.822
2719.322
7292.6
10.6%
2213.6
1.1
0.8
21.9%
59%
6%
58%
1010139.3463
773.8
445.6
1.4
1.9
837.53
1591.162
1166
44
8245.0
Sweden
9029572
0.15318
98200
103923.081
51569.0
28.7%
39377.1
4.4
4.4
8.5%
7%
15%
53%
1383149.83896
14825.2
7926.2
0.3
1.9
6032
6923.1539657854
20632
0
92564.0
Switzerland
7437115
0.26377
5284.639
4042.528
25946.6
16.0%
3784.8
0.5
0.6
31.7%
48%
3%
18%
1961687.82355
4156.6
761.8
1.6
3.2
1218.646
1934.8
1178
0
6944.0
Turkey
72064992
0.30351
16185
18478.907
84379.1
12.0%
10800.0
0.1
0.2
n/a
n/a
3%
21%
21872445.72192
10129.9
2173.9
n/a
1.2
5318.991
0
8665
0
…
Ukraine
46924816
0.31213
14606.3
12106.371
142887.2
0.9%
n/a
n/a
0.5
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
14646642.81808
1328.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
7864.34
0
5307
0
21325.0
United Kingdom
60224306
0.20362
8519
8285.183
222366.3
1.8%
1562.1
0.0
0.0
3.2%
7%
0%
8%
12262873.18772
3959.9
314.4
0.2
0.7
126.025
580.1
2375
0
20700.0
United States
295895897
0.17714
467347.35
461163.501
2318861.1
4.5%
n/a
n/a
0.8
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
52414999.19458
105186.4
n/a
n/a
n/a
43953.429
0
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
761000.0
JWEE total
600255032
20%
995702.911
1011844.234
3734500.894
6.4%
232521.833182847
0.4
0.0
5.4%
8%
1%
20%
117172224.67316
237565.496
46804.1
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
98135.813
82531.3880188579
ERROR:#N/A
ERROR:#N/A
1729696
JWEE 16
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
ERROR:#VALUE!
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
JWEE 15
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
ERROR:#VALUE!
n/a
n/a
n/a
ERROR:#VALUE!
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
JWEE 12
250343451
0.223922239
298978.988
320845.289
1021171.964
0.0719784224
165829.393182847
0.6624075546
0.0008891497
0.1725103829
0.2261859236
0.0326875809
0.4541302774
56057466.05877
73502.347
33379.6412321095
0.9507666591
2.150651088
49843.481
72570.6880188579
76328.6
778
478039
JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation)
272113926
21%
325234.561
347146.577
1143442.174
7.8%
184,711.83
0.7
0.0
17.8%
24%
3%
42%
58495850.79496
88967.924
37180.5
1.0
2.2
51577.228
82531.3880188579
84948
778
526666
External 2017 data
Population
Autor: UN Population Division 2020, World Population Prospects 2019n, File POP/1-1: Total population (both sexes combined) by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100 (thousands)
Rural Population
Autor: UN Population Division 2020, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, File 20: Annual Rural Population at Mid-Year by Major Area, Region and Country, 1950-2050 (thousands)
Rural Population (share)
TPES in TJ
Autor: IEA 2019, Extended Energy Balances, Total primary energy supply
RES in TJ
Autor: IEA 2019, Extended Energy Balances, Memo: Renewables
conv: ktoe/TJ
TPES in ktoe
RES in ktoe
RES in TPES (share)
Net Annaul Increment in 1000 m3
SWE in 1000 m3
SWE
Albania
2,884,169
1,308,750
0.45
98,553
27,038
0.02
2,354
646
0.27
470
1471
Albania
1470.687
Armenia
2,944,789
1,123,366
0.38
133,468
13,740
0.02
3,188
328
0.10
360
1753
Armenia
1752.5575
Austria
8,819,902
2,921,577
0.33
1,401,992
406,894
0.02
33,486
9,718
0.29
25136
22898
Austria
22898.158
Azerbaijan
9,845,316
4,389,902
0.45
600,267
9,403
0.02
14,337
225
0.02
2003
Azerbaijan
2002.927
Belarus
9,450,233
2,070,335
0.22
1,068,190
63,680
0.02
25,513
1,521
0.06
29975
17825
Belarus
17825.277
Belgium
11,419,752
232,562
0.02
2,313,287
169,143
0.02
55,252
4,040
0.07
5289
8016
Belgium
8016.4445
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3,351,534
2,279,787
0.68
282,964
33,836
0.02
6,758
808
0.12
2746
Bosnia and Herzegovina
2745.705
Bulgaria
7,102,452
1,779,383
0.25
784,812
77,889
0.02
18,745
1,860
0.10
14677
5196
Bulgaria
5196.1545
Canada
36,732,091
6,516,445
0.18
12,102,468
2,095,825
0.02
289,062
50,058
0.17
442030
59932
Canada
59931.5255
Croatia
4,182,847
1,706,522
0.41
366,255
79,312
0.02
8,748
1,894
0.22
9991
2207
Commonwealth of Independent States
134189.009
Cyprus
1,179,685
394,500
0.33
92,870
6,968
0.02
2,218
166
0.08
38
195
Croatia
2207.3585
Czech Republic
10,641,032
2,929,652
0.28
1,814,081
184,019
0.02
43,329
4,395
0.10
23086
8736
Cyprus
195.2735
Denmark
5,732,277
683,907
0.12
712,055
240,430
0.02
17,007
5,743
0.34
5796
6209
Czech Republic
8736.3675
Estonia
1,319,389
414,727
0.31
238,944
44,475
0.02
5,707
1,062
0.19
11201
7441
Denmark
6209.141
Finland
5,511,372
851,924
0.15
1,393,233
469,994
0.02
33,277
11,226
0.34
91038
40453
EFTA
14145.744
France
64,842,513
13,143,055
0.20
10,344,992
1,017,284
0.02
247,086
24,297
0.10
94367
53388
Estonia
7441.008
Georgia
4,008,723
1,961,357
0.49
201,290
49,553
0.02
4,808
1,184
0.25
951
EU/EFTA
488684.821
Germany
82,658,409
19,988,713
0.24
13,031,211
1,743,285
0.02
311,245
41,638
0.13
107000
86027
Europe
542935.873
Hungary
9,729,822
2,752,277
0.28
1,115,745
123,084
0.02
26,649
2,940
0.11
11099
6579
European Union
479806.595
Iceland
334,395
19,534
0.06
229,046
201,321
0.02
5,471
4,808
0.88
15.6
124
Finland
40453.044
Ireland
4,753,281
1,744,814
0.37
571,018
55,213
0.02
13,639
1,319
0.10
5356
1589
France
53388.124
Italy
60,673,694
18,824,961
0.31
6,424,447
1,095,715
0.02
153,445
26,171
0.17
32543
40247
Georgia
951.158
Kazachstan
18,080,023
7,989,659
0.44
3,558,263
44,682
0.02
84,988
1,067
0.01
2430
Germany
86027.262
Latvia
1,951,097
655,898
0.34
184,215
80,979
0.02
4,400
1,934
0.44
25280
5319
Greece
2923.958
Liechtenstein
37,805
32,566
0.86
0.02
0
0
4
Hungary
6578.75
Lithuania
2,845,419
996,165
0.35
315,882
65,427
0.02
7,545
1,563
0.21
10750
5527
Iceland
123.656
Luxembourg
591,914
51,831
0.09
158,039
11,500
0.02
3,775
275
0.07
650
381
Ireland
1588.9895
Montenegro
627,563
220,970
0.35
42,625
11,610
0.02
1,018
277
0.27
1394
860
Israel
1887.365
Netherlands
17,021,343
1,434,489
0.08
3,106,716
171,312
0.02
74,203
4,092
0.06
2250
8463
Italy
40247.3005
North Macedonia
2,081,996
900,142
0.43
114,006
14,479
0.02
2,723
346
0.13
1624
978
Kazachstan
2429.8615
Norway
5,296,324
997,986
0.19
1,255,398
590,543
0.02
29,985
14,105
0.47
21878
8911
Kyrgyzstan
558.1
Poland
37,953,176
15,076,574
0.40
4,347,775
371,114
0.02
103,845
8,864
0.09
67595
35912
Latvia
5319.2335
Portugal
10,288,527
3,757,994
0.37
953,314
202,302
0.02
22,770
4,832
0.21
18870
10177
Liechtenstein
3.68
Republic of Moldova
4,059,687
1,857,633
0.46
161,196
32,956
0.02
3,850
787
0.20
27334
1718
Lithuania
5527.403
Romania
19,653,966
9,663,435
0.49
1,395,501
252,902
0.02
33,331
6,040
0.18
16274
Luxembourg
381.471
Russian Federation
145,530,091
36,463,707
0.25
30,654,064
785,607
0.02
732,160
18,764
0.03
852927
83806
Malta
71.3685
Serbia
8,829,623
4,122,584
0.47
653,525
78,877
0.02
15,609
1,884
0.12
5232
8104
Montenegro
859.7805
Slovak Republic
5,447,903
2,548,195
0.47
728,499
66,649
0.02
17,400
1,592
0.09
13193
5599
Netherlands
8462.975
Slovenia
2,076,395
1,050,654
0.51
289,186
45,178
0.02
6,907
1,079
0.16
9165
3236
North America
499766.71
Sweden
9,904,895
1,364,656
0.14
2,058,801
811,115
0.02
49,174
19,373
0.39
96486
50507
North Macedonia
977.912
Switzerland
8,455,797
2,177,862
0.26
991,343
209,306
0.02
23,678
4,999
0.21
6232
5107
Norway
8911.2675
Turkey
81,116,451
20,055,180
0.25
6,146,099
742,675
0.02
146,797
17,738
0.12
32939
Other C.I.S.
18044.3885
Ukraine
44,487,708
13,156,907
0.30
3,745,616
163,444
0.02
89,463
3,904
0.04
20935
14513
Other Europe
142313.659
United Kingdom
66,727,463
10,927,278
0.16
7,363,871
714,870
0.02
175,883
17,074
0.10
20700
27897
Other european countries
3798.6655
United States
325,084,758
59,579,343
0.18
90,235,182
6,801,457
0.02
2,155,230
162,450
0.08
761000
439835
Poland
35911.6175
Portugal
10176.8985
JWEE total
810,138,548
180,621,829
0.22
161,312,800
17,314,674
0.02
3,852,890
413,554
0.11
1,842,232
927,579
Republic of Moldova
1717.6935
JWEE 12
264,351,249
58,739,448
0.22
38,350,081
5,570,484
0.02
915,976
133,049
0.15
461,400
299,783
Romania
16273.9475
JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation)
378,447,723
92,047,398
0.24
53,245,781
8,116,833
0.02
1,271,754
193,867
0.15
586,668
391,542
Russian Federation
83806.2765
*Using 2005 and 2010 data from external data of analysis 2013.
Serbia
8103.61
Slovak Republic
5598.955
JWEE total
Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, North Macedonia, Ukraine, United Kingdom and the United States
Slovenia
3236.0935
JWEE 12
Austria, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom
Spain
18335.2905
Europe excl. Russia
Armenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom
Sweden
50507.062
Switzerland
5107.187
Tajikistan
4574.12
Turkey
32938.506
Turkmenistan
527.811
Ukraine
14513.118
United Kingdom
27897.0175
United States
439835.185
Uzbekistan
3529.5325
External 2015 data
Population
Rural Population
Rural Population (share)
TPES in TJ
RES in TJ
conv: ktoe/TJ
TPES in ktoe
RES in ktoe
RES in TPES (share)
Net Annaul Increment in 1000 m3
SWE in 1000 m3
SWE
Albania
2,923,352
1,361,679
0.47
91,677
31,548
0.02
2,190
754
0.34
470
1570
394.2246
Albania
1569.9975
Armenia
2,916,950
1,115,876
0.38
128,429
15,922
0.02
3,067
380
0.12
360
1659
178.225
Austria
21583.057
Austria
8,678,657
2,912,360
0.34
1,373,011
404,102
0.02
32,794
9,652
0.29
25136
21583
20225.8455
Belarus
13144.34
Azerbaijan
9,617,484
4,362,213
0.45
601,049
10,892
0.02
14,356
260
0.02
1393
1534.3844
Belgium
7994.301
Belarus
9,485,772
2,160,568
0.23
1,057,868
57,682
0.02
25,267
1,378
0.05
29975
13144
4266.88
Bosnia and Herzegovina
2032.668
Belgium
11,287,940
239,533
0.02
2,230,270
152,096
0.02
53,269
3,633
0.07
5289
7994
14020.2259
Bulgaria
4550.594
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3,535,961
2,300,713
0.65
336,287
83,788
0.02
8,032
2,001
0.25
2033
713.451
Croatia
2202.897
Bulgaria
7,177,396
1,853,000
0.26
779,038
83,284
0.02
18,607
1,989
0.11
14677
4551
2649.8954
Cyprus
122.9575
Canada
35,949,709
6,518,663
0.18
11,312,390
2,047,439
0.02
270,192
48,902
0.18
442030
64711
100011.2908
Czech Republic
9244.149
Croatia
4,236,016
1,746,216
0.41
351,586
82,069
0.02
8,397
1,960
0.23
9991
2203
2256.9895
Denmark
6122.1085
Cyprus
1,160,985
385,265
0.33
84,335
6,132
0.02
2,014
146
0.07
38
123
238.5716
Estonia
5775.1045
Czech Republic
10,603,762
2,910,655
0.27
1,764,645
179,147
0.02
42,148
4,279
0.10
23086
9244
8469.404
Finland
39849.352
Denmark
5,688,695
697,731
0.12
673,913
199,348
0.02
16,096
4,761
0.30
5796
6122
6369.8621
France
52508.29
Estonia
1,315,321
415,593
0.32
227,086
37,906
0.02
5,424
905
0.17
11201
5775
7180.041
Georgia
887.603
Finland
5,481,966
861,607
0.16
1,360,137
439,107
0.02
32,486
10,488
0.32
91038
39849
30844.9249
Germany
73981.972
France
64,457,201
13,308,464
0.21
10,320,707
913,258
0.02
246,506
21,813
0.09
94367
52508
62179.202
Greece
2923.958
Georgia
3,951,524
1,995,548
0.51
193,908
47,883
0.02
4,631
1,144
0.25
888
545.332
Hungary
6227.9345
Germany
81,707,789
20,391,913
0.25
12,886,750
1,605,702
0.02
307,795
38,352
0.12
107000
73982
87862.4198
Iceland
144.795
Hungary
9,783,925
2,851,842
0.29
1,055,463
126,190
0.02
25,209
3,014
0.12
11099
6228
3104.3003
Ireland
1611.612
Iceland
330,243
19,741
0.06
233,748
206,418
0.02
5,583
4,930
0.88
15.6
145
205.8997
Italy
40375.438
Ireland
4,700,107
1,737,531
0.37
555,313
44,810
0.02
13,263
1,070
0.08
5356
1612
2506.7886
Latvia
3790.731
Italy
59,504,212
18,976,152
0.32
6,389,256
1,099,713
0.02
152,605
26,266
0.17
32543
40375
31519.8912
Liechtenstein
3.7
Kazachstan
17,749,648
7,840,762
0.44
3,269,587
37,261
0.02
78,093
890
0.01
2430
Lithuania
4924.026
Latvia
1,992,663
662,579
0.33
178,470
64,344
0.02
4,263
1,537
0.36
25280
3791
4670.179
Luxembourg
410.9255
Liechtenstein
37,403
32,108
0.86
0.02
0
0
4
0
Malta
55.2725
Lithuania
2,931,926
1,004,416
0.34
302,368
59,335
0.02
7,222
1,417
0.20
10750
4924
5118.2938
Montenegro
809.451
Luxembourg
566,741
53,458
0.09
155,961
8,567
0.02
3,725
205
0.05
650
411
1434.0301
Netherlands
7565.6
Montenegro
628,178
223,599
0.36
42,302
12,933
0.02
1,010
309
0.31
1394
809
2.9158
Norway
8127.829
Netherlands
16,938,499
1,600,924
0.09
3,091,163
152,624
0.02
73,831
3,645
0.05
2250
7566
10791.28
Poland
32779.851
Norway
5,199,836
1,004,221
0.19
1,239,979
561,988
0.02
29,616
13,423
0.45
21878
8128
7410.8763
Portugal
9001.1935
Poland
38,265,226
15,082,630
0.39
3,974,477
376,252
0.02
94,929
8,987
0.09
67595
32780
36571.7124
Republic of Moldova
1686.9
Portugal
10,418,473
3,876,030
0.37
919,662
207,934
0.02
21,966
4,966
0.23
18870
9001
10796.6872
Romania
16260.8305
Republic of Moldova
4,065,980
1,890,424
0.46
141,582
14,562
0.02
3,382
348
0.10
27334
1687
407.2824
Russian Federation
80401.116
Romania
19,876,621
9,804,711
0.49
1,335,843
250,058
0.02
31,906
5,973
0.19
16261
9588.9832
Serbia
7797.44
Russian Federation
143,888,004
36,934,612
0.26
29,715,039
729,103
0.02
709,732
17,414
0.02
852927
80401
61424.5828
Slovak Republic
5152.514
Serbia
8,851,280
4,188,657
0.47
617,787
80,856
0.02
14,756
1,931
0.13
5232
7797
3050.439
Slovenia
3401.013
Slovak Republic
5,439,318
2,532,566
0.47
686,318
65,969
0.02
16,392
1,576
0.10
13193
5153
5077.8751
Spain
20289.343
Slovenia
2,074,788
1,046,826
0.50
275,130
44,242
0.02
6,571
1,057
0.16
9165
3401
2011.5289
Sweden
46861.5005
Sweden
9,763,565
1,375,071
0.14
1,902,926
803,548
0.02
45,451
19,192
0.42
96486
46862
38399.3274
Switzerland
5482.7215
Switzerland
8,319,769
2,149,288
0.26
1,027,161
228,656
0.02
24,533
5,461
0.22
6232
5483
6734.0767
North Macedonia
970.973
North Macedonia
2,079,308
904,795
0.44
112,137
17,647
0.02
2,678
421
0.16
1624
971
397.1413
Turkey
32834.535
Turkey
78,271,472
20,402,156
0.26
5,393,027
656,208
0.02
128,810
15,673
0.12
32835
36412.5499
Ukraine
12380.01
Ukraine
44,657,704
13,529,815
0.30
3,771,873
113,059
0.02
90,090
2,700
0.03
20935
12380
7610.094
United Kingdom
26084.3985
United Kingdom
65,397,080
11,113,712
0.17
7,567,610
617,117
0.02
180,749
14,740
0.08
20700
26084
38857.0403
Israel
1887.365
United States
319,929,162
59,766,644
0.19
91,618,826
6,156,601
0.02
2,188,278
147,048
0.07
761000
392831
365806.422
Europe
513312.195
Armenia
1658.8465
JWEE total
798,930,371
187,529,555
0.23
161,860,359
16,679,816
0.02
3,865,968
398,391
0.10
1,930,171
874,789
Azerbaijan
1392.658
JWEE 12
261,159,928
59,524,152
0.23
38,126,828
5,196,097
0.02
910,644
124,107
0.14
461,400
279,695
Kazachstan
2429.8615
JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation)
429,482,492
114,886,487
0.27
58,134,186
8,417,001
0.02
1,388,511
201,037
0.14
727,141
414,967
Kyrgyzstan
508.6585
*Using 2005 and 2010 data from external data of analysis 2013.
Tajikistan
990.099
Turkmenistan
527.811
Uzbekistan
3638.3545
Canada
64710.7665
JWEE total
Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdoma and the United States
United States
392830.7515
JWEE 12
Austria, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
North America
457541.5285
Europe excl. Russia
Armenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzland and the United Kingdom
Commonwealth of Independent States
119646.9525
European Union
451650.7445
Other C.I.S.
13721.5015
Other european countries
3062.619
EFTA
13759.056
Other Europe
133783.332
EU/EFTA
460803.8835
CountryComments
Country
Abbreviated country profile for publication
Albania2011
TPES and RES figures are based on IEA 2010 data.
Armenia2011
TPES and RES figures are based on IEA 2010 data.
Austria2011
Bosnia and Herzegovina2011
TPES and RES figures are based on IEA 2010 data.
Belarus2011
Canada2011
Figures are Secretariat estimates.
Cyprus2011
TPES and RES figures are based on IEA 2010 data.
Czech Republic2011
Denmark2011
Estonia2011
Finland2011
France2011
Germany2011
Iceland2011
Ireland2011
Italy2011
Figures are Secretariat estimates.
Latvia2011
Luxembourg2011
Liechtenstein2011
Netherlands2011
Norway2011
Poland2011
Romania2011
1. Figures are Secretariat estimates.
2. TPES and RES figures are based on IEA 2010 data.
Serbia2011
Slovenia2011
Sweden2011
Switzerland2011
Turkey2011
Ukraine2011
TPES and RES figures are based on IEA 2010 data.
United Kingdom2011
United States2011
JWEE total 2011
1. The category "JWEE total 2011" refers to the set of responding countries providing sufficiently detailed data for 2011. This includes Albania, Armenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland,Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States.
2. The data for Canada, Italy and Romania is based on IEA 2010 estimates.
JWEE total 2009
1. The category "JWEE total 2009" refers to the set of responding countries providing sufficiently detailed data for 2009. This includes Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.
JWEE total 2007
1. The category "JWEE total 2007" refers to the set of responding countries providing sufficiently detailed data for 2007. This includes Austria, Canada, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,Netherlands, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.
JWEE total 2005
1. The category "JWEE total 2005" refers to the set of responding countries providing sufficiently detailed data for 2005. This includes Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.
JWEE 13
1. The category "JWEE 13" refers to the set of responding countries providing sufficiently detailed data for 2007, 2009 and 2011. This includes Austria, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation) 2011
1. The category "JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation) 2011" refers to the set of responding countries from the European Region providing sufficiently detailed data for 2011. This includes Albania, Armenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland,Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.
2. The data for Italy and Romania is based on IEA 2010 estimates.
JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation) 2009
1. The category "JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation) 2009" refers to the set of responding countries from the European Region providing sufficiently detailed data for 2009. This includes Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation) 2007
1. The category "JWEE total 2007" refers to the set of responding countries providing sufficiently detailed data for 2007. This includes Austria, Canada, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,Netherlands, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Armenia2013
Austria2013
Azerbaijan2013
Bosnia and Herzegovina2013
Canada2013
Croatia2013
Cyprus2013
Czech Republic2013
Denmark2013
Estonia2013
Finland2013
France2013
Germany2013
Hungary2013
Iceland2013
Ireland2013
Luxembourg2013
Netherlands2013
Norway2013
Republic of Moldova2013
Serbia2013
Slovenia2013
Sweden2013
Switzerland2013
North Macedonia2013
United Kingdom2013
United States2013
JWEE total 2013
1. The category "JWEE total 2013" refers to the set of responding countries providing sufficiently detailed data for 2013. This includes Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Republic of Moldova, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States.
2. The data for Hungary is based on estimates made by the secretariat.
JWEE 122013
1. The category "JWEE 12" refers to the set of responding countries providing sufficiently detailed data for 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013. This includes Austria, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation) 2013
1. The category "JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation) 2013" refers to the set of responding countries from the European Region providing sufficiently detailed data for 2013. This includes Armenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Republic of Moldova, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
2. The data for Hungary is based on estimates made by the secretariat.
Ireland 2015
1. Consumption data derives from 2013 data submission.
JWEE total 2015
1. The category "JWEE total 2015" refers to the set of responding countries providing sufficiently detailed data for 2015. This includes Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.
2. Consumption data for Ireland is based on 2013 data.
JWEE 12 2015
1. The category "JWEE 12" refers to the set of responding countries providing sufficiently detailed data for 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2015. This includes Austria, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
2. Consumption data for Ireland is based on 2013 data.
JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation) 2015
1. The category "JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation) 2015" refers to the set of responding countries from the European Region providing sufficiently detailed data for 2015. This includes Armenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzland and the United Kingdom.
2. Consumption data for Ireland is based on 2013 data.
JWEE total 2017
1. The category "JWEE total 2017" refers to the set of responding countries providing sufficiently detailed data for 2017. This includes Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom and the United States.
JWEE 12 2017
1. The category "JWEE 12" refers to the set of responding countries providing sufficiently detailed data for 2007, 2009, 2011, 2015 and 2017. This includes Austria, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation) 2017
1. The category "JWEE Europe (excluding the Russian Federation) 2017" refers to the set of responding countries from the European Region providing sufficiently detailed data for 2017. This includes Armenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Long-term trend of more efficient use of wood resource
Detailed data on energy wood sources show indirect wood supply now accounts for largest share
The UNECE/FAO Joint Wood Energy Enquiry (JWEE) 2017 was sent out to all UNECE member states. Overall 31
countries replied to the enquiry representing 54% of the countries in the UNECE region1. Although overall country
replies slightly decreased compared with 2015, the number of countries providing good quality data remained stable.
Wood energy supply
Final results reveal that wood energy accounts for 3.8% of the total primary energy supply (TPES) and 35.4% of the
renewable energy supply (RES) in the UNECE region, remaining the leading source of renewable energy. Woody
biomass covers 26.2 to 19.6% of the primary energy demands of Finland and Estonia and 19.3 to 17.3% of the primary
energy demands of Sweden and Lithuania. Woody biomass accounts for over half of the renewable energy supply in
Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Lithuania, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia and Ukraine. Around
42.9% of the total mobilised woody biomass supply is used for energy purposes.
These are the main conclusions of the UNECE/FAO Joint Wood Energy Enquiry (JWEE), a biennial questionnaire that
aims to shed light on the real role of wood energy within the region by promoting cross-sectoral communication and
cooperation between the energy and forestry sectors in the member States. Now in its seventh round since 2005, the
JWEE has become a reference source of information on wood energy, drawing responses from an increasing number of
countries.
Sources of wood energy
Indirect sources including co-products and residues2 from the forest-based industries and processed wood-based fuels
contribute 50.9% of the wood fibres for energy generation. The source of wood fibre for wood pellets3) is 75.6% from
indirect sources, 23.2% from direct sources and 1.1% from post-consumer wood.
33.8% of the wood fibres for energy generation derive directly from woody biomass from forests and wooded areas
outside forests. The proportion varies among countries with Armenia, Azerbaijan, Croatia, Czech Republic, Georgia,
Italy, North Macedonia, Serbia and Ukraine relying heavily (60% or more) on direct supplies of wood fibres whereas
countries such as Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Cyprus, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,
Sweden and United Kingdom rely mainly (60% or more) on wood supply from indirect sources.
The United States (47.7%), Finland (42.4%), Sweden (40.0%) and Canada (31.6%) have large shares of energy
generated from black liquor reflecting the relative importance of the pulp and paper industries in the forest sector for the
generation of wood energy.
Overall, recovered post-consumer wood (mainly wood waste from construction, but also packaging and old furniture)
constitutes a minor category contributing 5.3% of wood energy. It is mainly consumed in power applications and waste
to energy plants. In general, however, data on recovered wood is difficult to obtain and often not discernible from
generic waste statistics. It is reported as a significant source of wood energy in Germany, Ireland, Netherlands and
Switzerland.
1 Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia,
Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, North
Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom and United States.
These are not necessarily the same reporting countries as in past years.
2 These co-products can be solid (sawdust, chips, slabs, etc.) or liquid (e.g. black liquor or tall oil).
3 Weighted average of available information in 2017 for Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Croatia, Estonia,
France, Ireland, Netherlands, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Uses of wood energy
Wood energy is consumed in roughly equal measure by industry (39.3%) and other final consumers (40.3%). The
residential sector accounted for 89.3% of wood energy consumed by other final consumers. Wood energy consumption
in the power and heat sector accounted for 20.4%. The highest shares of wood energy use in the power and heat sector
were reported from Belarus, Estonia, Ireland, Lithuania, Luxembourg and United Kingdom. The forest products
industry typically consumes energy generated from the solid and liquid co-products of its manufacturing processes.
Countries with important forest industries, such as Bosnia Herzegovina, Canada, Finland, Sweden and United States
therefore have a higher share of industrial consumption. Residential use, mainly dependent on primary solid biomass
sources, is most important in central Asian countries, Liechtenstein, North Macedonia and Serbia.
Main Trends4
Based on a subset of 12 countries that have responded to all rounds of the enquiry (JWEE12 - Austria, Cyprus, Finland,
France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom) it was
possible to assess the development of the use of wood energy across all reporting years. The results from these countries
confirm the continuing predominant role of wood in renewables. Total wood energy consumption increased from 193
million m³ in 2007 to 265 million m³ in 2017. The role of wood in TPES increased from 4.4% in 2007 to 5.9% in 2013.
Since 2013 the share of wood energy in TPES remained constant at 6%. The share of wood in renewables (RES) was
43.0% in 2017 - a decline of 7.1 percentage points recorded between 2007 and 2017. This perhaps reflects the faster
rates of growth of other sources of renewable energy such as wind and solar and the overall growth of renewables.
A larger share of the wood supply is being mobilised for energy purposes as confirmed by the substantial increase in the
reported energy use of wood (38.9% in 2007 to 46.9% in 2017). Data reveals the tendency that member states
increasingly source wood energy from indirect sources and less wood directly from the forests (from 46.5% in 2007 to
53.2% in 2017). Also wood energy use in the industry and residential sector decreased while power and heat sector
consumed more wood for energy.
Consumption of wood pellets dramatically increased in 2017. In 2007 16.2 kg wood pellets were consumed per capita
while this figure increased to 55.2 kg in 2017. The leading consumer of wood pellets was the United Kingdom.
One of the biggest movers, in relative terms, is the United Kingdom where wood now accounts for 3.9% of TPES (up
from 0.1% in 2005). After a sharp increase of the share of wood energy in the RES between 2005 and 2011 (from 7.9%
to 27.4%), a slight decrease (1%) was recorded between 2011 and 2013. However, in 2015 the share almost doubled to
41.4%. In 2017 the share of wood energy in RES dropped to 40.4%.
Further Info:
Trends can best be seen at the national level using the country profiles available at http://www.unece.org/forests/jwee
along with a complete database. For any additional comments or questions kindly contact:
Forest products conversion factors provides ratios of raw material input to the output of wood-based forest products for 37 countries of the world. Analysts, policymakers, forest practitioners and forest-based manufacturers often have a need for this information for understanding the drivers of efficiency, feasibility and economics of the sector.
Forest products conversion factors provides ratios of raw material input to the output of wood-based forest products for 37 countries of the world. Analysts, policymakers, forest practitioners and forest-based manufacturers often have a need for this information for understanding the drivers of efficiency, feasibility and economics of the sector.
Forest products conversion factors provides ratios of raw material input to the output of wood-based forest products for 37 countries of the world. Analysts, policymakers, forest practitioners and forest-based manufacturers often have a need for this information for understanding the drivers of efficiency, feasibility and economics of the sector.