Switzerland

1

UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE CONFERENCE OF EUROPEAN STATISTICIANS Expert Meeting on Statistical Data Editing 7-9 October 2024, Vienna Austria

12 July 2024

Application of the MissForest algorithm for imputing income variables in the Survey on Income and Living Conditions

Blandine Bianchi & Daniel Kilchmann (Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Switzerland) [email protected] Abstract The Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) is a yearly household survey. The household and its members, based on a random sample, are yearly interviewed and are followed for four years for longitudinal analysis. As income variables belong to the main survey objective variables, an appropriate processing is crucial to improve the quality and to increase the reliability of published results derived from the distribution of incomes. The MissForest algorithm, a non-parametric method based on random forests for imputing missing values that allows the use of mixed data type (categorical and quantitative), has been tested on the SILC 2020 income variables. We first imputed individual income variables, followed by household income variables. Socio-demographic variables and household characteristics were used as auxiliary variables for imputing individual income variables. The imputed individual income variables were then added to auxiliary variables on the household level for the imputation of household variables. We ran simulations to evaluate the imputations obtained with MissForest. Studying the non-response model, we simulated partial non-response on survey respondents. Therefore, we were able to assess the quality of the imputation in terms of the estimation of accuracy and imputation error based on the comparison of the imputed values with the answered values. Beside these results, we will also show the imputation impact on the results and discuss the next steps of this highly promising imputation approach.

UNECE Seminar on the Measurement of Well-being (2024. 7)

Choi, Paul / Shim, SuJin / Nam, Sang-Min

Woo, Han Soo / Kim, Eun Ah

Statistics Korea, Statistics Research Institute

Quality of Life Indicators in KOREA

: Challenges and Opportunities

CONTENTS

Ⅰ.

Ⅱ.

Ⅲ.

Ⅳ.

Discussion for Next StepⅤ .

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Ⅰ

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BackgroundⅠ

Economic growth Policy

interventions required

Newly

emerging

social issues

Lowering Life Satisfaction

- Fell from 61.5% to 47.3% between 1990 and 2002, according to the OECD

Weakening Social Vitality

- Low fertility rate (0.78 in 2022)

- Rapid population aging - High suicide rate

Social Coherence Issues

- Social conflicts - Low trust

Democracy

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Ⅰ

 The focus shifting from the economic growth into the QoL and environment since 90’s

- Growing recognition of the importance of QoL and sustainability

- Need for overcoming the limitations of the GDP and its economic focus

 The OECD Global Project (2004)→3rd World Forum in Busan (2009)→ BLI Report (2011)

 The Report of Stiglitz Commission (2009)

 Country Cases

• Canada – QoL (Quality of Life Framework)

• U. K. – MNWB (Measuring National Well-being)

• Japan – COWD (Cabinet Office Well-being Dashboard)

• Spain – QoL (Quality of Life Indicators)

• Bhutan – GNH (Gross National Happiness)

• Italy – BES (Benessere Equo e Sostenible)

• Norway – QoL (Quality of Life in Norway)

• New Zealand – LSD (Living Standards Dashboard)

Background

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Ⅰ Background

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Ⅰ Background

Social Circumstances in Korea

 Post-industrialization/ Democratization social issues  Demands for shifting policy

interests from economic growth into the quality of life

Build understanding on Korean QoL and societal development

Provide basic data for creating policies aimed at improving QoL

Need for measuring well-being and social development

International Consensus in Measuring QoL

 Global agendas evolved from economic development toward the QoL and sustainability

 Much effort made at international and national levels

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Ⅱ

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Progress

What We’ve Achieved So Far

Ⅱ

2011 Developed QoL

framework Developed new

indicators

Incorporated experts’ opinions

Indicator services Indicator review

committee

2015

Held the 1st QoL forum

2017 Held an international

conference Incorporated public opinions

2018

Reorganized the indicator framework

2019 Disaggregated QoL indicators

2020 Conducted regional

social surveys Selected key indicators

• Joint R&D activities with researchers

• 9 areas, 84 indicators

• Civic engagement, subjective well-being

• Korea Social Integration Survey (KSIS)

• Gathering opinions from internal and external experts

• 12 areas, 83 indicators

• Sharing QoL indicators on the website

• 12 areas, 81 indicators

• Promoting the sharing of QoL indicators

• Theme of the forum: progress in measuring QoL and future tasks

• Conference theme: GDP plus Beyond

• Gathered opinions through 'Naver Knowledge iN' and 'www. idea.epeople.go.kr'

• Reflecting the results of public opinion reviews

• Ensuring the consistency with other indicators

• 11 areas, 71 indicators

• Subdividing indicators by age (youth/seniors)

• Developing 21 common regional items

2012 2013 2014

2022 Publishing reports

“Child & Youth Well- being 2022”

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ProgressⅡ

QoL Measurement Mandala: 3 dimensions, 11 domains

Environmental Conditions

Social Relationship

Individuals

Subjective Well-being

Safe and sustainable environment Environment, Safety

Mutually supportive and active community Civic Engagement, Leisure, Family/Community

Capable individuals Income/Consumption/Wealth, Health, Education, Housing, Employment/Wage

The environment will be:

• Free from dangers; and

• Protected for a sustainable living

Communities will:

• Cultivate social coherence;

• Foster civic engagement; and

• Provide leisure activities and cultural experience.

Each individual will:

• Have education to acquire knowledge and work

ability;

• Benefit from economic comforts and social

assurance; and

• Enjoy a healthy life.

Target Specifications

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Data Quality

• Official Statistics

• Coverage

• Time-series

Relevance

• Face Validity

• Output orientation

• Understandability

• Policy responsiveness

• Relevant to National

context

Impartiality

• Not influenced by

political orientation

6

ProgressⅡ

Criteria for Selecting Indicators

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ProgressⅡ

Summary of Korean QoL Indicators : 11 domains, 71 indicators

Domains Objective indicator (42) Subjective indicator (29)

Family · Community (3, 2)

Live-alone Elderly Rate, Social Isolation, Social Group Participation Rate Family Relationship Satisfaction, Sense of Belonging to a Community

Health (5, 2)

Life Expectancy, Healthy Life expectancy, Physical Activity Rate, Obesity Rate, Suicide Rate

Self-reported Health, Stress Self-recognition

Education (3, 3)

Preschool Enrollment Rate, Population with Tertiary Education, Employment Rate of College Graduates

Perception toward Effects of School Education, School Life Satisfaction, Degree of Education Cost Burden

Employment and Wage (5, 1)

Employment Rate, Unemployment Rate, Average Monthly Wage, Working Hours, Proportion of Low-paid Workers

Job Satisfaction

Income〮Consumption〮Wealth (5, 2)

Gross National Income per Capita, Equivalised Median Income, Household Net Wealth, Household Debt Ratio, Relative Poverty Rate

Income Satisfaction, Consumption Satisfaction

Leisure (4, 2)

Leisure Time, Travel Days per Person, Ratio of Expenditure on Leisure, Participation in Culture, Art and Sport Event

Leisure Satisfaction, Sufficiency of Leisure Time

Housing (5, 1)

Residential Area per Capita, Commuting Time to Office, Dwelling without Basic Facilities, Rent to Income Ratio, Home-ownership Rate

Housing Environment Satisfaction

Environment (3, 6)

Fine Dust Concentration Level(PM2.5), Urban Park Area per Capita, Waterworks Supply Rate in Rural Area

Climate Change Recognition, Air quality Satisfaction, Water Quality Satisfaction, Soil Quality Satisfaction, Noise Level Satisfaction, Green Environment Satisfaction

Safety (7, 2)

Homicide Rate, Child Abuse Rate, Crime Victimization Rate, Child Mortality Rate from Safety Accidents, Industrial Accident Mortality Rate, Number of Fire Fatalities, Road Traffic Accident Fatality Rate

Feeling Safe Walking Alone at Night, Perception toward Societal Safety

Civic Engagement (2, 5)

Voter Turnout Rate, Voluntary Work Participation Rate Perception of Political Empowerment, Citizenship, Corruption Perceptions Index, Interpersonal Trust, Institutional Trust

Subjective Wellbeing (0, 3)

Life Satisfaction, Positive Emotions, Negative Emotions

* Frequency: Annual 45, Biennial 23, Quinquennial 3

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Progress

Showing recent trends : A Traffic Light Dashboard

Ⅱ

Key Indicators: 19

Domains Indicators

Family and Community social isolation

Health life expectancy, suicide rate

Education school life satisfaction

Employment and Wage

employment rate, unemployment rate

Income, Consumption, Wealth

GNI per capita(real), relative poverty rate

Leisure leisure time, leisure satisfaction

Domains Indicators

Housing dwelling without basic facilities, rent to income ratio

Environment fine dust concentration level(PM2.5), water quality

satisfaction

Safety feeling safe walking alone at night, , industrial accident

mortality rate, road traffic accident fatality rate

Civic Engagement corruption perceptions index

Subjective Wellbeing life satisfaction

고용.임금

No change

Deteriorated

Improved

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Ⅲ

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Key Results

Dashboard(March, 2024)

Ⅲ

• Improved : 49 (69.0%)

• Deteriorated : 20 (28.2%)

• No change : 2 (2.8%)

Total : 71

Improved

Deteriorated

No change

Note 1)

2) The parts marked with * are based on the 2023 measurements.

3) The blue colored parts are updated in March, 2024

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Key Results

Covid-19 and QoL

Ⅲ

Leisure activities

Trust

Unit: day/year

10.01

5.81 6.58 8.29

0

20

2019 2020 2021 2022

Participation in Culture, Art, Sports Event

Interpersonal Trust Unit: % Institutional Trust

66.2

50.6 59.3

54.6

0

25

50

75

100

2019 2020 2021 2022

41.5 48.3

55.4 52.8

0

25

50

75

100

2019 2020 2021 2022

Unit: day/year

Unit: %

Travel Days per Person

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Key Results

Covid-19 and QoL

Ⅲ

Social Activities and Network

Social Group Participation Rate Social Isolation

51.5 53.8 53.7 53.0 51.8 46.4 47.7 50.9

58.3

0

20

40

60

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

All 19-29 50-59

Obesity rate Unit: %

Unit: % Unit: %

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50

60

70

80

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Male Female Male FemaleAll

Key Results

Covid-19 and QoL

Ⅲ

Environment

Employment

Fine Dust (PM2.5) Air quality satisfaction

Employment rate Employment rate of college graduates

Unit: % Unit: ㎍/㎥

Unit: %Unit: %

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Key Results

The Trend of the Last Decade – Constant Improvement

Ⅲ

Unit: deaths/100,000 population

Dwelling without Basic Facilities Child Mortality Rate from Safety Accidents

Population with Tertiary Education

Unit: %

Equivalised Median Income

Unit: KRW 10,000Unit: %

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0.05

0.06

0.07 0.07 0.07

0.07 0.08

0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09

0.09 0.09

0.10 0.10

0.10 0.10

0.10

0.11 0.12

0.12

0.12 0.12

0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15

0.16

0.16 0.17

0.17

0.17 0.19

0.20 0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

Total 65 and over

Key Results

The Trend of the Last Decade – Constant Improvement, But Still Higher than OECD Average

Ⅲ

Relative Poverty Rate in OECD(2021)

Relative poverty rate; 2011 ~ 2022

Source: OECD, Stat (OECD Income Distribution Database, retrieved in Jan 2024) Note: ① These are based on disposable income.

② The 2017 data for Iceland; the 2018 data for Ireland, Italy, Japan, Poland; the 2019 data for Austria, Belgium, Czech, Denmark, Estonia, France, Greece, Hungary, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain; the 2020 data for Australia, Chile, Germany, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, Switzerland, Turkey and the 2021 data for the United States were used.

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Key Results

The Trend of the Last Decade – Constant Improvement, But Still Higher than OECD Average

Ⅲ

Suicide Rate in OECD (2020)

3.9 4.4 5.6 5.7 5.8 6.3 6.6 7.0 7.5 7.6 8.4 8.4 8.4

9.4 9.4 9.6 9.7 10.0 10.5 10.6 10.8 10.9 11.5 11.8 12.1 12.3 12.4 12.4 12.7 12.9 14.1 14.8 14.9 15.2 15.2 15.4 15.7

20.3

24.1

Unit: deaths per 100 000 population (standardized rates)

Source: OECD, OECD Health Statistics (retrieved in Aug, 2023) Note: ① These are aged-standardized suicide rates.

② New Zealand and Norway used data of the year 2016; France and Italy data of the year 2017; and Belgium, Sweden, Ireland data of the year 2018; Türkiye, Slovak Republic, Portugal, Canada, Hungary data of the year 2019

Suicide rate; 2000 ~ 2021

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Key Results

The Trend of the Last Decade – Constant Improvement, But Still Lower than OECD Average

Ⅲ

Life satisfaction of OECD(Average of 2020 ~ 2022)

Unit: Scores(on a scale of 10)

Source: SDSN 「World Happiness Report 2023 」 Note: ① This is based on the average values from 2020 to 2022.

② This is an evaluation item for life based on average scores on a scale of 0 to 10.

Life satisfaction; 2013 ~ 2022

4.6 5.6 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.8

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Key Results

The Trend of the Last Decade – Constant Deterioration

Ⅲ

Unit: cases/100,000 population

Child Abuse Rate

Obesity rate

Household debt ratio

Unit: %

Unit: %

Live-alone Elderly Rate

Unit: %Unit: persons

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Key Results

Recent Key Change Indicators

Ⅲ

Household Net Wealth

Unit: KRW 10,000

Life Expectancy

Unit: Years

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Ⅳ

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Sharing QoL measures

Quarterly update QoL indicators on the website (www.index.go.kr/life)  Publish annual analysis reports(~2019)

Utilization of QoLⅣ

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’15 The Outcomes and Challenges of QoL Measurement in Korea

’16 The Domestic Implementation of Beyond GDP Agenda

’17 Relating QoL Indicators to the System of Indicators/Disaggregation of Measurement by region and life course

‘18 The Use of the QoL measurement for Policies

‘19 The direction of Social Indicators reorganization/ Disaggregation of Measurement by region and life course

’20 Quality of Life in Korea and Youth QoL

‘21 QoL changes caused by COVID-19 and elderly QoL

Utilization of QoLⅣ

Korean Quality of Life Measurement Forum Held Annually

‘22 Measurement of Happiness and QoL and the Utilization in Policymaking

‘23 Societal Changes and QoL During Digital Transformation

 K o re

a 's Q

o L sta

tu s a

n d Q

o L o

f y o u n g e r g

e n e ra

tio n s

 Q

o L ch

a n g e s ca

u se

d b

y C

O V ID

-1 9 a

n d Q

o L o

f th e e

ld e rly

‘24 QoL Measurement, 10 years behind us and 10 years ahead

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Utilization of QoLⅣ

Measurement Enhancement

Aged 0-17 Aged 18-34 Aged 35-64 Aged 65 and over

Children & Youths Well-being

Research in 2018

Co-Research in 2019~21

Publish in 2022

The elderly Well-being

Research in 2019~2020

Young Adult Well-being

Research in 2022

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Utilization of QoLⅣ

Publish annual reportChildren & Youth Well-being Framework

Subjective Well-being

Relationship Health

Learning & Competence

Safety & behavior

material situation, housing & environment

leisure, activity & participation

Children & Youth QoL Indicators

Demographic & Social Backgrounds

Population Social Environment

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Utilization of QoLⅣ

Expected to encourage policy makers to use regional social indicators and provide consistent support for the advancement of indicators

Measurement Enhancement

Domains Common Indicators (21)

Subjective Well-being Life Satisfaction, Positive emotions, Negative emotions

Income · Consumption · Wealth Average income of Household, Income Satisfaction, Degree of Difficulty in a Living

Housing & Transportation Housing Environment Satisfaction, Transportation Satisfaction, Period of Residence and Permanent Intention

Labor Sufficiency of Job, Job Satisfaction

Education Educational Environment Satisfaction

Leisure Leisure Satisfaction, Satisfaction with Time Use

Health Medical Service Satisfaction

Social Integration Interpersonal Trust, Institutional Trust(Optional Item), Social Support, Sense of Belonging to a Community, Satisfaction with Social Welfare Services

Safety Fear of Crime Victimization, Evaluation of Safety Environment

Environment Environmental Awareness

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Discussion for Next StepⅤ

Is it necessary to make a composite index

What efforts are required for utilization in policy-making?

International comparability vs. national specialty?

Real GDP per capita

QoL index of Korea

Crisis

Thank YOU !

[email protected]

UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE

CONFERENCE OF EUROPEAN STATISTICIANS

ModernStats World Workshop

21-22 October 2024, Geneva

Simplifying the Reuse of Concepts Across Organisations

Speaker: Fabian Santi, Federal Statistical Office (FSO)

Author(s):

Abstract

The National Data Management (NaDB) is a programme launched by the Swiss Federal Council to lay the

foundations for the implementation of the "once only" principle. The long-term goal is to align the federal data

landscape in such a way that individuals and companies no longer have to report any information more than

once.

As part of this programme, the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO) is responsible for developing and

maintaining an interoperability platform. The first version of the interoperability platform I14Y went live in

2021 and is being continuously developed and expanded. One of the goals of the platform is to provide a

centralised metadata repository that facilitates the reuse of standardised nomenclatures and code lists.

This presentation will focus on the technical and organisational aspects needed to promote the harmonisation

and reuse of standards. We will give an overview of recent and planned developments. We will also present

some successes and obstacles which are of interest to organisations developing and using similar platforms.

Technically, concepts are published in a catalogue and made available via APIs, some in SDMX and LOD

form. Our multilingual platform allows the reuse of concepts as data elements to describe dataset structures.

This explicitly shows which organisations endorse a specific standard and which data is not yet harmonised and

thus not interoperable. These structures can also be used in metadata-driven statistical production processes.

Each organisation using the platform - which could be from the public or the private sector - must appoint a

data steward responsible for the maintenance of its concepts. A status is attributed to each nomenclature to

indicate its progress in the registration process, and can be published once approved by the local and Swiss data

stewards.

Migration plans and trajectories in Switzerland: length of stay and emigration

Florence Bartosik & Johanna Probst, Demography and Migration Section, Swiss Federal Statistical Office

Group of Experts on Migration Statistics, 07-08.05.2024

Plan

• Introduction

• Methods

• Results

• Migration plans : cross-sectional survey • Length of stay • Destination country of next emigration

• Migration trajectories: longitudinal population statistics • Re-emigration • Return migration

• Conclusion

Florence Bartosik & Johanna Probst, DEM/FSO | Migration plans and trajectories in Switzerland | Group of Experts on Migration Statistics | 07-08.05.2024 2

Introduction

• Migration plans • Length of stay • Destination country of next emigration

• Migration trajectories • Re-emigration • Return migration

Florence Bartosik & Johanna Probst, DEM/FSO | Migration plans and trajectories in Switzerland | Group of Experts on Migration Statistics | 07-08.05.2024 3

Methods

Migration module

• Included in the Swiss Labour Force Survey (SLFS) every 3-4 years

• History and situations of populations with a migration background

• Last data collections: 2014, 2017, 2021 • Permanent resident population aged 15-74 • Asylum seekers and provisionally admitted foreigners excluded • Transnationalism, naturalisation, conditions upon arrival,

reasons for immigration, migration plans • Subsample of 18,630 people

Florence Bartosik & Johanna Probst, DEM/FSO | Migration plans and trajectories in Switzerland | Group of Experts on Migration Statistics | 07-08.05.2024

4

Methods

Longitudinal Demographic Statistics (DVS)

• Based on the population data from the Population and Household Statistics (STATPOP)

• Started on 31.12.2010 • Permanent and non-permanent resident population • Births, deaths, immigration, emigration, residence permits,

naturalisation and marital status events • 11 million entries of people up to 2022

Florence Bartosik & Johanna Probst, DEM/FSO | Migration plans and trajectories in Switzerland | Group of Experts on Migration Statistics | 07-08.05.2024

5

Results Migration plans

Source: FSO - Population and Household Statistics (STATPOP)

38%

24%

15%

21%

Length of stay in Switzerland for the foreign-born permanent resident

population, 2022

Less than 10 years 10-20 years 20-30 years At least 30 years

Length of stay in Switzerland

Florence Bartosik & Johanna Probst, DEM/FSO | Migration plans and trajectories in Switzerland | Group of Experts on Migration Statistics | 07-08.05.2024

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1 Break in series between 2017 and 2021 for methodological reasons

Source: FSO – Swiss Labour Force Survey (SLFS), migration module

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

2014 2017 2021

Plans for the length of stay in Switzerland, 2014-2021

Undecided (2021) / no project (2017&2014) 1

Less than 5 years

5 years or more

Permanently

Length of stay in Switzerland

Florence Bartosik & Johanna Probst, DEM/FSO | Migration plans and trajectories in Switzerland | Group of Experts on Migration Statistics | 07-08.05.2024

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Source: FSO – Swiss Labour Force Survey (SLFS), migration module

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

70%

75%

80%

85%

2014 2017 2021

Share of people planning to stay in Switzerland permanently by nationality groups, 2014-2021

Switzerland EU-27 and EFTA

Other European countries Other countries

Destination country of next emigration

Florence Bartosik & Johanna Probst, DEM/FSO | Migration plans and trajectories in Switzerland | Group of Experts on Migration Statistics | 07-08.05.2024

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1 From 2021

Source: FSO – Swiss Labour Force Survey (SLFS), migration module

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

2014 2017 2021

Destination country of next emigration, 2014-2021

Country of origin

Another country

Undecided1

Destination country of next emigration

Florence Bartosik & Johanna Probst, DEM/FSO | Migration plans and trajectories in Switzerland | Group of Experts on Migration Statistics | 07-08.05.2024

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Source: FSO – Swiss Labour Force Survey (SLFS), migration module

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

2021

Share of people intending to move back to their country of origin by nationality groups, 2021

Switzerland EU-27 and EFTA Other European countries Other countries

Results Migration trajectories

Re-emigration

Florence Bartosik & Johanna Probst, DEM/FSO | Migration plans and trajectories in Switzerland | Group of Experts on Migration Statistics | 07-08.05.2024

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Source: FSO - Longitudinal demographic statistics (DVS)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

2 0

1 1

2 0

1 2

2 0

1 3

2 0

1 4

2 0

1 5

2 0

1 6

2 0

1 7

Share of foreigners having re-emigrated after 5 years by immigration cohort and nationality groups (continents)

Total Switzerland EU/EFTA Other european countries Africa North America South America Asia and Oceania

Return migration

Florence Bartosik & Johanna Probst, DEM/FSO | Migration plans and trajectories in Switzerland | Group of Experts on Migration Statistics | 07-08.05.2024

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Source: FSO - Longitudinal demographic statistics (DVS)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50% 2

0 1

1

2 0

1 2

2 0

1 3

2 0

1 4

2 0

1 5

2 0

1 6

2 0

1 7

Share of foreigners having returned to Switzerland after 5 years, by emigration cohort and nationality groups (continents)

Total Switzerland EU/EFTA Other european countries Africa North America South America Asia and Oceania

Conclusion

• Immigration to Switzerland is most often seen as something permanent

• Citizens of the EU or EFTA countries plan less often to stay indefinitely

• 50% of people who immigrated to Switzerland have already left the country after 5 years

• North Americans and Africans have the highest re-emigration rates after 5 years

• Around 25% of people who left Switzerland are back in the country after 5 years

• North Americans show the lowest re-entry rates after 5 years

Florence Bartosik & Johanna Probst, DEM/FSO | Migration plans and trajectories in Switzerland | Group of Experts on Migration Statistics | 07-08.05.2024

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Миграционные планы и траектории в Швейцарии: продолжительность пребывания и эмиграция

Флоренс Бартосик и Йоханна Пробст, Отдел демографии и миграции, Федеральное статистическое управление

Швейцарии

Группа экспертов по миграционной статистике, 07-08.05.2024

План

• Введение

• Методы

• Результаты

• Миграционные планы: перекрестное исследование • Продолжительность пребывания • Страна назначения следующей эмиграции

• Миграционные траектории: продольная статистика населения • Реэмиграция • Возвратная миграция

• Заключение

Флоренс Бартосик и Йоханна Пробст, DEM/FSO | Миграционные планы и траектории в Швейцарии | Группа экспертов по миграционной статистике | 07-08.05.2024 2

Введение

• Миграционные планы • Продолжительность пребывания • Страна назначения следующей эмиграции

• Миграционные траектории • Реэмиграция • Возвратная миграция

Флоренс Бартосик и Йоханна Пробст, DEM/FSO | Миграционные планы и траектории в Швейцарии | Группа экспертов по миграционной статистике | 07-08.05.2024 3

Методы

Модуль миграции

• Включается в Швейцарское обследование рабочей силы (SLFS) каждые 3-4 года

• История и положение населения с миграционным фоном • Последние коллекции данных: 2014, 2017, 2021 • Постоянное население в возрасте 15-74 лет • Просители убежища и временно допущенные иностранцы

исключены • Транснационализм, натурализация, условия прибытия,

причины иммиграции, миграционные планы • Подвыборка из 18 630 человек

Флоренс Бартосик и Йоханна Пробст, DEM/FSO | Миграционные планы и траектории в Швейцарии | Группа экспертов по миграционной статистике | 07-08.05.2024

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Методы

Продольная демографическая статистика (DVS)

• На основе данных о населении, полученных из статистики населения и домашних хозяйств (STATPOP)

• Начато 31.12.2010 • Постоянное и непостоянное население • Рождения, смерти, иммиграция, эмиграция, виды на жительство,

натурализация и события, связанные с семейным положением • 11 миллионов записей людей до 2022 года

Флоренс Бартосик и Йоханна Пробст, DEM/FSO | Миграционные планы и траектории в Швейцарии | Группа экспертов по миграционной статистике | 07-08.05.2024

5

Результаты Миграционные планы

Менее 10 лет 38

10-20 лет 24

20-30 лет 15

Не менее 30 лет 21

38%

24%

15%

21%

Продолжительность пребывания в Швейцарии для постоянного населения,

родившегося за границей, 2022 год

Менее 10 лет 10-20 лет 20-30 лет Не менее 30 лет

Продолжительность пребывания в Швейцарии

Флоренс Бартосик и Йоханна Пробст, DEM/FSO | Миграционные планы и траектории в Швейцарии | Группа экспертов по миграционной статистике | 07-08.05.2024

7

1 Перерыв в серии между 2017 и 2021 годами по методологическим причинам

Источник: FSO - Швейцарское обследование рабочей силы (SLFS), миграционный модуль

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

2014 2017 2021

Планы по продолжительности пребывания в

Швейцарии, 2014-2021 гг.

Не определено (2021) / нет

проекта (2017 и 2014) 1

Менее 5 лет

5 лет и более

Постоянно

Продолжительность пребывания в Швейцарии

Флоренс Бартосик и Йоханна Пробст, DEM/FSO | Миграционные планы и траектории в Швейцарии | Группа экспертов по миграционной статистике | 07-08.05.2024

8

Источник: FSO - Швейцарское обследование рабочей силы (SLFS), миграционный модуль

45%

55%

65%

75%

85%

2014 2017 2021

Доля людей, планирующих остаться в

Швейцарии на постоянное жительство, по группам гражданства, 2014-2021 гг.

Швейцария ЕС-27 и ЕАСТ

Другие европейские страны Другие страны

Страна назначения следующей эмиграции

Флоренс Бартосик и Йоханна Пробст, DEM/FSO | Миграционные планы и траектории в Швейцарии | Группа экспертов по миграционной статистике | 07-08.05.2024

9

1 С 2021 года

Источник: FSO - Швейцарское обследование рабочей силы (SLFS), миграционный модуль

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

2014 2017 2021

Страна назначения следующей эмиграции, 2014-

2021 гг.

Страна происхождения

Другая страна

Не определившиеся 1

Страна назначения следующей эмиграции

Флоренс Бартосик и Йоханна Пробст, DEM/FSO | Миграционные планы и траектории в Швейцарии | Группа экспертов по миграционной статистике | 07-08.05.2024

10

Источник: FSO - Швейцарское обследование рабочей силы (SLFS), миграционный модуль

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

2021

Доля людей, намеревающихся вернуться в

страну происхождения, по группам национальностей, 2021 год

Швейцария ЕС-27 и ЕАСТ Другие европейские страны Другие страны

Результаты Миграционные траектории

Реэмиграция

Флоренс Бартосик и Йоханна Пробст, DEM/FSO | Миграционные планы и траектории в Швейцарии | Группа экспертов по миграционной статистике | 07-08.05.2024

12

Источник: ФСО - Продольная демографическая статистика (DVS)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

2 01

1

2 01

2

2 01

3

2 01

4

2 01

5

2 01

6

2 01

7

Доля иностранцев, реэмигрировавших через 5 лет, в разбивке по

иммиграционным когортам и группам национальностей (континенты)

Всего Швейцария ЕС/ЕАСТ

Другие европейские страны Африка Северная Америка

Южная Америка Азия и Океания

Возвратная миграция

Флоренс Бартосик и Йоханна Пробст, DEM/FSO | Миграционные планы и траектории в Швейцарии | Группа экспертов по миграционной статистике | 07-08.05.2024

13

Source: FSO - Longitudinal demographic statistics (DVS)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50% 2

01 1

2 01

2

2 01

3

2 01

4

2 01

5

2 01

6

2 01

7

Доля иностранцев, вернувшихся в Швейцарию через 5 лет, по

когортам эмигрантов и группам гражданства (континенты)

Total Switzerland EU/EFTA Other european countries Africa North America South America Asia and Oceania

Заключение

• Иммиграция в Швейцарию чаще всего рассматривается как нечто постоянное

• Граждане стран ЕС или ЕАСТ реже планируют остаться на неопределенный срок

• 50% людей, иммигрировавших в Швейцарию, покинули страну уже через 5 лет

• Североамериканцы и африканцы имеют самые высокие показатели реэмиграции через 5 лет

• Около 25% людей, покинувших Швейцарию, возвращаются в страну через 5 лет

• Североамериканцы демонстрируют самые низкие показатели возвращения в страну через 5 лет

Флоренс Бартосик и Йоханна Пробст, DEM/FSO | Миграционные планы и траектории в Швейцарии | Группа экспертов по миграционной статистике | 07-08.05.2024

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*Prepared Florence Bartosik) NOTE: The designations employed in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Economic Commission for Europe Conference of European Statisticians Group of Experts on Migration Statistics Geneva, Switzerland, 7−8 May 2024 Item 5 of the provisional agenda Measuring emigration

Migration plans and trajectories in Switzerland: length of stay and emigration

Note by Swiss Federal Statistical Office*

Abstract

Immigrants make plans for how long they will stay in the host society and for their eventual emigration to another country or to their country of origin. These migration projects have an impact on the host society, but also on the country of destination. Their length of residence in the host country, the reasons for emigration and the next destination country of migrants are therefore relevant issues to study. Whether or not these migration projects are carried out is also of utmost interest.

Using results of the "Migration" module of the Swiss Labour Force Survey (SLFS) and of the Longitudinal demographic statistics (DVS), this paper will present cross-sectional and longitudinal data addressing these issues. While the survey focuses on the immigrants’ migration projects, the register-based longitudinal statistics show the actual migration trajectories of migrants.

Results show that the foreign-born population perceives migration to Switzerland as something permanent, as two-thirds of them plan to stay in Switzerland indefinetly. When immigrants are nonetheless planning to leave Switzerland, they most often wish to move back to their country of origin. Longitudinal data show that, among persons who immigrated to Switzerland, half of them had left the country after 10 years. Close to a quarter of people who left Switzerland return to the country over a period of 10 years.

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Distr.: General 29 April 2024 English

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I. Introduction

1. When people migrate, they make plans for how long they will stay in the host country and for their eventual further emigration to another country or to their country of origin. The decision to move to another country for a shorter or longer period of time is the result of a wide variety of circumstances, often linked to different stages in a person’s life. These migration projects have an impact on the host country, but also on the country of destination. Short-term migrants will not have the same integration needs as long-term migrants. They will also not contribute to the same extent to the country to which they migrate. Whether the migration is temporary or permanent will also have an impact on the migrants’ living conditions and their well-being. Negative effects are indeed more likely to occur immediately after immigration, while positive effects are more frequent over a longer period of time. The length of residence in the host country, the reasons for emigration and the next destination country of emigrants are therefore relevant issues to study. Whether or not these migration plans are carried out is also of utmost interest. How many people actually re-emigrate after having immigrated and after how long? Do they eventually come back later on, thereby completing a full loop?

2. Using results from the “Migration” module of the Swiss Labour Force Survey (SLFS) and the Longitudinal demographic statistics (DVS), this paper will present cross-sectional and longitudinal data addressing these issues. While the survey focuses on the foreign-born population’s future migration plans, the register-based longitudinal statistics show the actual trajectories of migrants over time.

II. Methods

3. The “Migration” module provides information on the history and situation of populations with a migration background. The module is included in the SLFS every three or four years. The last three data collections occurred in 2014, 2017 and 2021. The survey deals with a number of topics such as transnationalism, naturalisation, conditions upon arrival, reasons for immigration and migration plans for the future. The reference population is the permanent resident population – born abroad or in Switzerland – aged between 15 and 74. Asylum seekers (permits N) and provisionally admitted foreigners (permits F) are excluded from the sample. From the full SLFS 2021 sample (approximately 100,000 interviews), only a sub-sample of 18,630 people was selected to participate in the “Migration” module.

4. The Longitudinal demographic statistics (DVS) is based on the population data from the Population and Household Statistics (STATPOP). They started on 31.12.2010 and comprise all people in the permanent and non-permanent resident population who have appeared at least once in STATPOP (cumulative population stocks or flows). Taking into account the non-permanent population allows us to study a type of population who is often more mobile and whose length of stay thus tends to be shorter than the permanent population. The DVS ends with the latest available STATPOP data and are thus completed and fully updated every year. Around 11 million entries of persons were counted up to 2022. The DVS provides information on births, deaths, immigration, emigration, residence permits, naturalisation and marital status events.

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III. Results

5. In 2022, around one third of Switzerland’s permanent resident population was born abroad. Among those foreign-born residents, around 38% have lived in the country for less than 10 years. 24% immigrated to Switzerland 10 to 20 years ago, 15% did it 20 to 30 years ago. 21% have been living in Switzerland for at least 30 years. This shows that a part of migration movements to and from Switzerland are temporary and that a significant part of people who have immigrated to Switzerland will probably leave the country in the future.

A. Migration plans

1. Length of stay

6. In 2021, 63% of the permanent resident population aged 15 to 74 who were born abroad and immigrated to Switzerland said that they wanted to stay in Switzerland permanently (cf. Graph 1). 9% planned to stay for at least 5 years and only 2% intended to leave Switzerland in less than 5 years. 25% were still undecided. The proportion of foreign-born people planning to stay in Switzerland indefinitely has remained the same between 2014 and 2021. The percentage of those who plan to stay for a fixed period has slightly decreased over the observation period. In 2021, the “not yet decided” category replaced the “no plans” category. The shares are therefore not comparable between 2017 and 2021.

Graph 1

Plans for the length of stay in Switzerland, 2014-2021

7. While most migrants intend to stay in Switzerland permanently, Swiss citizens (78%) and citizens of other European countries outside the EU and EFTA (76%) were more likely to say that they want to stay permanently than citizens of other countries in the world (57%) and citizens of the EU-27 and EFTA countries (52%) (cf. Graph 2).

1 Break in series between 2017 and 2021 for methodological reasons Source: FSO – Swiss Labour Force Survey (SLFS), migration module

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

2014 2017 2021

Undecided (2021)/ no project (2017&2014) 1

Less than 5 years

5 years or more

Permanently

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Graph 2

Share of people planning to stay in Switzerland permanently by nationality groups, 2014-2021

(a) Naturalisation as a will to stay permanently in Switzerland?

8. In 2021, 88% of the permanent resident population of foreign or stateless persons aged 15 to 74 and holding a B or C permit had not applied for naturalisation, while 12% had applied. Citizens of EU-27 and EFTA countries were more likely to have not applied for naturalisation to obtain Swiss nationality (92%) than citizens of other European countries (78%) and citizens of other countries in the world (85%).

9. 64% of the population who had not made a naturalisation application to obtain Swiss nationality intended to do so in the future, 29% had no such intention. Again, a smaller proportion of citizens from EU-27 and EFTA countries intended to apply for Swiss nationality (61%) than citizens of other European countries (74%) and citizens of other countries in the world (69%).

10. It is therefore interesting to see that the group of population who has the lowest intent of staying permanently in Switzerland, i.e., citizens of EU-27 and EFTA countries, also shows the lowest rates of naturalisation requests and intentions. On 21 June 1999, the European Union and Switzerland signed the Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons (AFMP). The AFMP lifts restrictions on EU citizens wishing to live or work in Switzerland. The right of free movement is complemented by the mutual recognition of professional qualifications, by the right to buy property, and by the coordination of social insurance systems. The same rules also apply to citizens of EFTA member states. The AFMP came into force in 1 June 2002. As it is easier for citizens of EU-27 and EFTA countries to freely move from and to Switzerland, obtaining Swiss nationality is less essential than for citizens of other European countries and of other countries in the world.

2. Destination country of next emigration

11. In 2021, 59% of people aged 15 and 74 who were born abroad and intend to leave Switzerland at one point in time would like to return to their country of origin1 (cf. Graph 3). 20% planned to emigrate

1 The country of origin is defined as the country of birth, the country of citizenship or the country where the persons have lived for a long time. If in doubt, the choice is theirs.

Source: FSO – Swiss Labour Force Survey (SLFS), migration module

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

70%

75%

80%

85%

2014 2017 2021

Switzerland EU-27 and EFTA Other European countries Other countries

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to another country. The remaining 20% were still undecided. These proportions did not significantly evolve over the observation period. The “undecided” category was added in 2021 and contributes to a large extent to the reduction of the non-response rate – which was high until 2017.

Graph 3

Destination country of next emigration, 2014-2021

12. While most migrants intend to move back to their country of origin in 2021, the citizens of the EU- 27 and EFTA countries and of other countries had more often such a project (resp. 65% and 55%) than Swiss nationals and citizens of other European countries (resp. 36% and 35%) (cf. Graph 4).

Graph 4

Share of people intending to move back to their country of origin by nationality groups, 2021

1 From 2021 Source: FSO – Swiss Labour Force Survey (SLFS), migration module

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

2014 2017 2021

Country of origin

Another country

Undecided1

Source: FSO – Swiss Labour Force Survey (SLFS), migration module

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

2021

Switzerland EU-27 and EFTA Other European countries Other countries

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3. Retirement as a growing reason for emigration

13. There are many reasons why people who were born abroad and who have immigrated to Switzerland wish to leave the country. In 2021, these are the five most mentioned reasons: retirement (23%), family reasons (20%), professional reasons (18%), homesickness (7%) and studies (2%) (cf. Graph 5). In comparison with 2014, retirement was mentioned 2.5 times more often in 2021. As for the other reasons, their shares have on average remained stable between 2014 and 2021.

Graph 5

Reasons for leaving Switzerland, 2014-2021

B. Migration trajectories : longitudinal population statistics

14. Population statistics essentially provide cross-sectional data that describes the permanent resident population at a given point in time (stocks). Data that reflect flows are used in demographic analysis to track changes occurring between two stock measurements. It compares population stocks at many consecutive points in time – at the end of each trimester in the case of Longitudinal Demographic Statistics (DVS) – and thus records how the situation of each individual changes over time. Published for the first time in 2021, these statistics shed new light on the migration phenomenon in Switzerland. Immigration and emigration cohorts – i.e., individuals who share the same event in the same calendar year – can be tracked over time. The DVS enriches statistics on migration in Switzerland, first and foremost, because it provides new information on circular and pendular migration. It also makes it possible to gain better understanding of length of stay and provides a detailed record of short-term migratory movements or migratory movements that occur at short intervals. The DVS allows for distinguishing population type (permanent resident or non-permanent resident population). As in the general dissemination of migration biographies, this analysis choses to include both population types. The longitudinal migration indicators presented in the following sections (re-emigration, return migration, circular migration) are based on the recommendations of the UNECE guidance on the use of longitudinal data for migration statistics (UNECE, 2020).

Source: FSO – Swiss Labour Force Survey (SLFS), migration module

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

2014 2017 2021

Retirement

Family reasons

Professional reasons

Homesickness

Studies

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1. Re-emigration

15. In 2011, 251,000 persons immigrated to Switzerland. After 5 years, nearly half of these persons had left Switzerland again (47%) (cf. Graph 6). After 10 years, this share was only slightly higher (53%). In both cases – after 5 or after 10 years – the share of persons having re-emigrated was more than two times higher among people with a foreign nationality (50%) than among Swiss nationals (21%). When we look at the seven different immigration cohorts (2011-2017) independently of nationality, we can see that the one with the highest re-emigration rate after 5 years is the immigration cohort of 2011. For Swiss people, the immigration cohort of 2015 is the one with the highest re-emigration rate. For people with a foreign nationality, it is the immigration cohort of 2011.

Graph 6

Share of people having re-emigrated after 5 years by immigration cohort and nationality groups (Swiss vs. foreigners)

16. Looking at the re-emigration behaviour of foreign people born abroad according to their nationality, we can see that, among every immigration cohort, third-country nationals are more likely to have re- emigrated after 5 years than citizens of EU-27 or EFTA countries (cf. Graph 7). The gap between both nationality groups has however been decreasing over the immigration cohorts.

Source: FSO - Longitudinal demographic statistics (DVS)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

20 11

20 12

20 13

20 14

20 15

20 16

20 17

Total People with a Swiss nationality People with a foreign nationality

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Graph 7

Share of foreigners having re-emigrated after 5 years by immigration cohort and nationality groups (EU/EFTA vs. third countries)

17. Within the immigration cohort of 2011, North Americans are characterised by a particularly high frequency of re-emigration during the 5 years following immigration (76%), followed by Asians or Oceanians (61%), Africans (61%) and South Americans (48%). The lowest rates are observed among people with a nationality of one of EU-27 or AELE countries (46%). Within the immigration cohort of 2017, the order remained mostly unchanged. Citizens of EU-27 or AELE countries are however the fourth nationality group with the highest re-emigration rates (46%), before South Americans (40%) and other Europeans (36%). This is not due to an increase of re-emigration rates among the former, but to a decrease of re-immigration rates among the two latter nationality groups.

Graph 8

Share of foreigners having re-emigrated after 5 years by immigration cohort and nationality groups (continents)

Source: FSO - Longitudinal demographic statistics (DVS)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Total

People with a nationality of a EU-27 or EFTA country

People with a nationality of a third country

Source: FSO - Longitudinal demographic statistics (DVS)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Total EU/EFTA Other european countries Africa North America South America Asia and Oceania

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2. Return migration

18. Among the 188, 000 persons who left Switzerland in 2011, 23% were back in the country 5 years later (cf. Graph 9). This share was the same after 10 years. After 5 years, the return rate was two times higher among Swiss people (45%) than among people with a foreign nationality (19%). After 10 years, this ratio was equal to 3 (51% in comparison with 17%). Among the emigration cohort of 2011, more Swiss people were back in the country after 10 years than after 5 years. The opposite can be observed for people with a foreign nationality2. When we look at the seven different emigration cohorts (2011-2017) independently of nationality, we can see that the one with the highest re-entry rate after 5 years is the immigration cohort of 2011. The same can be observed for Swiss people and people with a foreign nationality.

Graph 9

Share of people having returned to Switzerland after 5 years by emigration cohort and nationality groups (Swiss vs. foreigners)

19. Looking at the re-entry behaviour of foreign citizens who left Switzerland according to their nationality, we can see that, among every emigration cohort, citizens of EU-27 or AELE countries are more likely to have returned to Switzerland after 5 years than third-country nationals (cf. Graph 10).

2 Among people with a foreign nationality, some returned to Switzerland and then left again. For this reason, the return migration rate of foreigners after 10 years is lower than after 5 years. People with more than one movement are also taken into account.

Source: FSO - Longitudinal demographic statistics (DVS)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

20 11

20 12

20 13

20 14

20 15

20 16

20 17

Total People with a Swiss nationality People with a foreign nationality

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Graph 10

Share of foreigners having returned to Switzerland after 5 years by emigration cohort and nationality groups (EU/EFTA vs. third countries)

20. Within the emigration cohort of 2011, citizens of EU-27 or AELE countries are characterised by higher re-entry rates after 5 years (23%), followed by South Americans (16%), other Europeans (15%), Africans (13%) and Asians or Oceanians (11%). The lowest rates are observed among North Americans (5%). The same rates can be observed in most emigration cohorts.

Graph 11

Share of foreigners having returned to Switzerland after 5 years by emigration cohort and nationality groups (continents)

Source: FSO - Longitudinal demographic statistics (DVS)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

20 11

20 12

20 13

20 14

20 15

20 16

20 17

Total People with a nationality of a EU-27 or EFTA country People with a nationality of a third country

Source: FSO - Longitudinal demographic statistics (DVS)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

20 11

20 12

20 13

20 14

20 15

20 16

20 17

Total EU/EFTA Other european countries Africa North America South America Asia and Oceania

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3. Circular migration

21. According to the UNECE guidance on the use of longitudinal data for migration statistics (UNECE, 2020), a circular migrant is a person who has crossed the national border of Switzerland at least three times over the past 10 years, each time with a duration of stay – abroad or in the country – of at least 12 months. Among the 366,000 people who migrated from or to Switzerland in 2011, 2% became circular migrants. Swiss citizens became more often circular migrants than people with a foreign nationality (4% compared to 2%). 2% of foreigners with a passport from one of the EU-27 or AELE countries – who migrated from or to Switzerland in 2011 – have become circular migrants over the 10 following years. The same rate can be observed for foreign citizens from a third country. The highest percentage of circular migrants is observed among Asians or Oceanians (3%), the lowest among Africans (1%).

IV. Conclusion

22. The aim of this paper was to show migration plans people build for their future and how those plans are actually carried out.

23. Using results of the "Migration" module of the SLFS and of the DVS, this paper presents both cross- sectional and longitudinal data addressing these issues.

24. Cross-sectional data showed that immigration to Switzerland is most often seen as something permanent. Close to two-thirds of foreign-born people who immigrated to Switzerland and became part of the permanent resident population plan to stay in Switzerland indefinitely. Citizens of the EU-27 and EFTA countries are, however, the least likely to have such a project in comparison with foreign-born people with other nationalities. They have also less often requested Swiss citizenship and intend less often to do so. Thus, regarding migration plans, foreign citizens benefiting from the right of free movement intend more often to be mobile. Their integration process – that could be “finalized” by obtaining Swiss nationality – seems to be less of a priority to them, as they do not need the Swiss passport as much as other citizens to move.

25. Longitudinal data illustrate how these migration plans are carried out. The results show that nearly half of the people who immigrated to Switzerland (and became part or not of the permanent resident population) have already left the country after a period of 5 years, this share being higher among foreign people. Third-country nationals are more likely to have re-immigrated after 5 years than citizens of EU-27 or EFTA countries. This gap between both nationality groups has been decreasing over the immigration cohorts that can be observed so far. North-Americans and Africans show the highest re-immigration rates after 5 years.

26. Close to one quarter of people who left Switzerland are back in the country 5 years later, a rate being twice higher among people with a Swiss nationality than people with a foreign nationality. Citizens of EU-27 or AELE countries are more likely to have returned to Switzerland after 5 years than third- country nationals. North Americans are characterised by the lowest re-entry rates after 5 years.

27. Circular migration is still a rare phenomenon concerning around 2% of people migrating from or to Switzerland. No clear differences can be observed between different nationality groups.

28. This paper is an exploratory analysis which shows the analytical potential of combining cross- sectional survey and longitudinal registry data. The results demonstrate that the passport held, as well as the migration regime, shape mobility behaviours. A future avenue of analysis would be to

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take into account the reasons for immigration as a determinant factor for further migratory movements.

V. Bibliography

UNECE (2020). Guidance on the use of longitudinal data for migration statistics. Geneva: United Nations.

Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO

Meeting of the Group of Experts on Quality of Employment, 14-16 May 2024

Content

• Shift work and quality / forms of employment

• Swiss publication on shift work 2002-2022

• Definition of shift work

• Main findings

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024 2

Shift work and quality / forms of employment

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024 3

Shift work and quality of employment

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024 4

No indicator on shift work in Handbook on Measuring Quality of Employment, but related to different indicators:

• 1a: Safety at work • 1a1 / 1a2: occupational injuries • 1a3 / 1a4: exposure to physical / mental health risk factors

• 3a: Working hours • 3a1: mean weekly working hours • 3a2: long working hours

• 3b: Working time arrangements • 3b1: night work • 3b2: evening work • 3b3: weekend work

Shift work and forms of employment

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024 5

Handbook on Forms of Employment:

• Work modalities: working time → timing of the work day

3.31 Finally, split shift arrangements refer to schedules characterized by multiple blocks of working periods—each with a distinct start and end point—within the same day that are interrupted by long unpaid non-working period (California Department of Industrial Relations, 2018; Kullander & Eklund, 2010). Split shifts refer to a schedule assigned by an employer rather than being at the discretion of the worker. Part of the split shift may occur during the day, in the evening, or at night.

• List of recommended indicators (time of day worked) • Employees who work split shifts

Swiss publication on shift work 2024

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024 6

Publication on shift work in 2024

• New publication on «Shift workers in Switzerland 2002-2022» and press release

• New table with detailed results

• Sources: Swiss Labour Force Survey (SLFS), Labour Force Survey (LFS) Eurostat

• Main topics: development, characteristics and health status of shift workers

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024 7

Definition of shift work

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024

Definition of shift work

• Question in Swiss LFS:

«Do you do shift work?»

Info: Shift work = groups of workers perform the same work in rotation

• Self-declaration: no verification if the respondent performs shift work in a legal sense

• 2022: 593 000 shift workers

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024 9

Shift workers by working hours

Consideration of rotating working hours: 3 analysis groups

• Shift workers with rotating working hours (54%) • Incl. night work (27%) • Without night work (27%)

• Rest of shift workers (46%)

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024 10

161

160

272

Shift workers 2022

Rotating working hours incl. night work

Rotating working hours without night work

Rest of shift workers

Main findings

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024

Development of shift work

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024 12

Parts of shift workers by characteristics, 2022

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024 13

Parts of shift workers by characteristics, 2022

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024 14

Parts of shift workers by characteristics, 2022

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024 15

Parts of shift workers by characteristics, 2022

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024 16

Reasons for looking for a new/additional job, 2022

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024 17

General state of health, 2022

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024 18

Accidents at work and health problems, 2020

Silvia Perrenoud, FSO | Shift work in Switzerland 2002-2022 | Group of Experts on Quality of Employment | 14-16 May 2024 19

Working Party on Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP.6)

DANIELA LEVERATTO

PRESIDENT

GLOBAL AI ASSOCIATION

Daniela Leveratto is a senior expert in global regulations & policies of the technology sector. After 15 years of advocacy in one of the world's most regulated sectors, automotive industry and mobility in general, Daniela Leveratto, who consolidated extensive expertise in the field of legislative affairs at the international level, has been elected 2023 as the President of the GlobalAI Association in the wake of the significant convergence of technology and automotive manufacturing of these recent years. Graduated in engineering in Italy with the highest honors, and former researcher at TU-Munich in the field of alternative propulsions, after significant experiences at AUDI Project Management Sport Cars in Ingolstadt and at the European Commission in Brussels as a national expert seconded by Germany, Daniela Leveratto has been the Vice Chair and then Technical Director of the top NGOs representing vehicle manufacturers in international institutions: firstly, OICA in Paris (the International Organization for Vehicle Manufacturers), then IMMA in Geneva (the International Manufactures Motorcycles Association). She is currently the Technical Director of CONEBI in Brussels (the Confederation of the European Bicycle Industry) and WBIA (the World Bike Industry Association) in Switzerland. Business fluent in English, French, Italian and German, she serves pro bono as the President of the GlobalAI Association, along with being a member of the Italian Order of Engineers and the European League for

SPEAKER BIOGRAPHY

WP.6 3rd Forum Green, digital transformation

Green, digital transformation & risk management 2 April & gender considerations 3 April & market surveillance 4 April

2-4 April 2024 14:00 – 17:30

Conference, Geneva Palais des Nations H207-209 & hybrid

Working Party on Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP.6)

MARIANNA KRAMARIKOVA

TECHNICAL OFFICER

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

Marianna is the Secretary of ISO/IEC Joint Strategic Advisory Group on Gender Responsive Standards (GRS) and a Member of GRS group within UNECE Working Party 6. At IEC, Marianna serves as a Technical Officer to over 20 technical groups, liaise with technical experts to facilitate their global electrical and electronic standards development activities. In addition, she serves as a Secretary to IEC Advisory Committee on Information Security and Data Privacy, coordinates and provides guidance to committees for implementation of Information Security and Data privacy in a general perspective and for specific sectors.

SPEAKER BIOGRAPHY

WP.6 3rd Forum Green, digital transformation

Green, digital transformation & risk management 2 April & gender considerations 3 April & market surveillance 4 April

2-4 April 2024 14:00 – 17:30

Conference, Geneva Palais des Nations H207-209 & hybrid

Working Party on Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP.6)

SANIYE GÜLSER CORAT

FOUNDER

NO BIAS AI?

S. Gülser Corat is the founder of No Bias AI?, a global think tank launched in 2022 with dual objectives: to reflect on a possible paradigm shift in AI from data- driven machine learning (ML) to knowledge-based machine reasoning (MR) and to develop gender audit tools to address gender bias in ML algorithms and datasets. Gülser served as Director for Gender Equality at UNESCO from September 2004 to August 2020. She led the landmark 2019 study “I’d Blush if I Could: Closing Gender Divides in Digital Skills in Education”, which found widespread inadvertent gender bias in the most popular artificial intelligence tools for consumers and business. She published UNESCO’s follow-up research in August 2020, “Artificial Intelligence and Gender Equality” which presented findings of a dialogue with experts from the private sector and set forth proposed elements for a framework on gender equality and AI. She also launched special campaigns and programs for girls’ secondary education, girls’ education in STEM, digital gender gap, safety of women journalists, gender-sensitive media training and the advancement of women in science. Gülser graduated from Robert College and Bogazici University in Turkey. She holds graduate degrees from the College of Europe, Belgium and Carleton University, Canada as well as post-graduate degrees from Harvard Business School and Harvard Kennedy School, USA. She speaks Turkish, English and French.

SPEAKER BIOGRAPHY

WP.6 3rd Forum Green, digital transformation

Green, digital transformation & risk management 2 April & gender considerations 3 April & market surveillance 4 April

2-4 April 2024 14:00 – 17:30

Conference, Geneva Palais des Nations H207-209 & hybrid

Working Party on Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies (WP.6)

ANOUSH DER BOGHOSSIAN

HEAD OF THE WTO TRADE AND GENDER OFFICE

WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)

With 18 years' experience in the WTO, Ms. Anoush der Boghossian is the Head of the WTO Trade and Gender Office, leading the Organization's work on trade and gender since 2016. She was appointed as the WTO's first trade and gender expert by former Director-General Roberto Azevêdo. Anoush is a published researcher and recognised trainer on gender responsive trade policy. Driving research on trade and gender globally, she is the Founder and Chair of the WTO Gender Research Hub, a global research network that fosters research and experts' partnerships on gender equality in trade. In 2022, she initiated and chaired the first edition of the World Trade Congress on Gender, the first research conference on trade and gender organised internationally, building a bridge between the research community and trade policy makers. She launched and directed the first Youth Trade Summit on Gender in 2023 building the next generation of trade and gender experts. In 2023, Anoush represented the WTO at the G20 meetings on gender equality. Anoush is a policy maker and she drafted the first gender policy of the WTO, issued and adopted by Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala in 2022.

SPEAKER BIOGRAPHY

WP.6 3rd Forum Green, digital transformation

Green, digital transformation & risk management 2 April & gender considerations 3 April & market surveillance 4 April

2-4 April 2024 14:00 – 17:30

Conference, Geneva Palais des Nations H207-209 & hybrid