NOTE: The designations employed in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part
of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Economic Commission for Europe
Conference of European Statisticians
Group of Experts on Measuring Poverty and Inequality
Geneva, Switzerland, 8-9 December 2022
Workshop on Harmonization of Poverty Statistics to Measure SDG 1 and 10
Geneva, Switzerland, 7 December 2022
Agenda item: Impact of global shocks on poverty and inequality
National Survey of Household Income and
Expenditure (ENIGH)
Note by National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI)
Abstract
The National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure (ENIGH) gives a
statistical overview of the behavior of household income and expenses in terms of
amount, origin, and distribution, including current monetary expenditure. The
ENIGH measures consumption expenditure considering the purchase value of goods
and services and whether they were paid in full in the reference period.
The survey also inquiries about mobility by cars, including spending on gasoline and
main petroleum-derived inputs (oils and tires); and on the use of public
transportation. It also asks about spending on electricity, gas, coal, or other fuel for
heating.
Thanks to its biennial periodicity, ENIGH permits quantifying the change in
spending on energy goods from 2018 to 2020. This statistical information allows
decision-makers to quantify households' energy expenditure and know whether the
increase in prices on these items has an impact on the consumption of other essential
goods. Identifying the groups with the most significant increase in their current
expenditure before and during the first COVID impact is possible, emphasizing the
lowest income deciles or vulnerable groups.
Working paper 1
Distr.: General
10 November 2022
English
2
I. Objective
1. The recent COVID-19 crisis showed that the lockdown, social distance measures,
and the closure of the economy in Mexico brought a series of adverse effects that
impacted the household economy, directly affecting income, employment, and
expenses. Based on the above, the behavior of current monetary expenditure by
income deciles will be analyzed, and each of the major expenditure items in its rural
and urban areas.
2. Observe the change in household spending in Mexico, starting with the COVID-19
pandemic, identifying, in particular, the increase in healthcare spending in 2020
compared to 2018.
3. In times of uncertainty due to health, economic and financial crises, it is essential to
have information that allows decision-makers to implement the necessary actions to
reduce these adverse effects on the household economy. The National Survey of
Household Income and Expenditure (ENIGH, by its Spanish acronym) has cross-
sectional measurements that allow identifying the impacts of the price increases of
2020, as well as the allocations that households make to their expenses.
4. The results indicate that households with lower incomes are the most affected due to
the loss of purchasing power.
II. Methodological aspects
5. The data source for this paper was the National Survey of Household Income and
Expenditure in the 2018 and 2020 editions.
6. Both were conducted from August 21 to November 28, 2018, and 2020.
7. ENIGH aims to present an overview of the behavior of income and expenditure at
the household level in terms of amount, origin, and distribution. It also includes
information on dwelling characteristics and equipment. Additionally, ENIGH
provides information on labor participation and the socio-demographic
characteristics of household members.
8. Initially, the design of the ENIGH focused on the need to provide information to
update the National Consumer Price Index weights. However, the data collected by
the survey has had many other uses in the last few years, mainly to measure poverty.
9. The periodicity and geographical disaggregation of ENIGH have been improving.
The survey provides decision-makers with the elements to diagnose material life
conditions and design public policies to improve the population's quality of life.
10. In 2016, INEGI presented the ENIGH Nueva Serie, which showed improvement in
its indicators; in 2018 and 2020, it continued with the survey of this series, observing
the following characteristics:
3
• The sample size is the largest in the country's history for a survey of income and
expenses.
• Allows representativeness by the federative entity (state level) with estimates for
urban and rural domains.
• Measures both income and expenditure.
• Operationally, it continues to be the most supervised event carried out in this area
so far.
• Strength in training permits interviewers to be more attached to methodological
definitions.
• It has an automated tracking report system that supports supervision and control.
11. The main methodological characteristics are:
Target
population
The target population consists of all national and foreign households that
live within the country's boundaries.
Unit observation The units of analysis for ENIGH are the household, the dwelling, and the
householders.
Geographical
coverage
The survey is designed to provide results at the following levels:
• National
• Urban-Rural
At the state level, with estimates for urban and rural domains.
Sample Design • Probabilistic: The sampling units have a known probability that is
different from zero of being selected.
4
• Stratified: The sampling units with similar characteristics and that
belong to localities of the same size are grouped to form strata.
• Conglomerates. The sample units with distinct characteristics that
belong to localities of the same size are grouped to form the primary
sampling units (PSU).
• Double stage. Dwellings are selected in two steps: primary sampling
units (groups of blocks) and housings.
Sample size 105,483 households represent 126,760,856 population.
Date of uprising From August 21 to November 28, 2020.
12. Users are informed that as of 2020, the survey data conform to a population estimate
prepared by INEGI based on the update in the population estimates generated by the
Housing Sampling Framework.
13. The results presented are constructed from the new population estimate for 2018 and
2020.1
14. The results of the survey of the 2020 edition allow us to measure the changes in
household income and expenses as a result of the health contingency period caused
by COVID-19, where the confinement measures of the population and the closure of
economic activity motivated changes in income and expenses in households in
Mexico.
15. ENIGH collects various information, including current monetary expenditure. It
measures consumption expenditure considering the purchase value of goods and
services and whether they were paid in full in the reference period. The expenditure
items captured by the survey are food, drinks, and tobacco; clothes and footwear;
housing and conservation services; electricity and fuel; dwelling maintenance care;
health, transportation, education; and personal care.
16. Regarding mobility by household cars, the survey inquiries about spending on
gasoline and the main petroleum-derived inputs (oils and tires); for public
transportation users, it collects the amounts spent on this service. Regarding direct
household inputs, it asks about spending on electricity, gas, coal, or other fuel for
heating.
17. Thanks to its biennial periodicity, ENIGH permits quantifying the change in
spending on energy goods from 2018 to 2020. This statistical information allows
decision-makers to quantify households' energy expenditure, in addition to knowing
whether the increase in prices implied that the proportion of expenditure on these
items is higher, which would impact the consumption of other essential
goods. Identifying the groups with the most significant increase in their current
expenditure before and during the first COVID impact is possible, emphasizing the
lowest income deciles or vulnerable groups.
18. The ENIGH uses six information collection instruments. Five questionnaires and a
booklet, with which, in addition to collecting basic information about the selected
1 For users to replicate the results of 2016 and 2018, INEGI incorporates the expansion factor adjusted by the
new population estimate into the database for those periods. For more details, the user may review the document
"File Descriptor (FD)" for those periods.
5
dwelling and the people who are part of the household, information is collected on
household income, the occupation status of household members, and household
expenditure, to mention the topics main of the survey. The questionnaires and
booklet used in the ENIGH 2020 were: • Questionnaire of households and housing.
• Questionnaire for people aged 12 and over. • Questionnaire for home businesses. •
Questionnaire for people under 12 years old. • Household expenses questionnaire. •
Booklet of daily expenses.
19. In 2020, it was considered to carry out a survey of a statistical exercise that
complemented the ENIGH, called Seasonal ENIGH (ENIGH E, by its acronym in
Spanish). In this way, it would capture the seasonal and temporary events that affect
the income and expenditure results of households in Mexico.
20. Initially, the ENIGH E was planned to rise throughout 2020, starting on January 4
and concluding on December 28, with a sample size of 54,710 dwellings. However,
as a result of the pandemic caused by COVID-19, the collection of information was
suspended as of April, achieving until then the lifting of 9 periods of ten days (from
January 4 to April 2, 2020), that is, the first quarter of the year (1-2020), which is
why the information published so far corresponds to that period and a total sample
of 13,822 dwellings.
21. The ENIGH E 1-2020 and the ENIGH Nueva Serie maintain the same conceptual
and methodological elements, preserving consistency between them; the critical
difference between both programs is the period of information collection and its
reference period. Although the two surveys inquire into the population's income and
expenses in monthly, quarterly, and semi-annual periods, the data presented
correspond to different months, as shown in diagrams 1 and 2.
6
Diagram 1. Reference period of the income and expenditure of ENIGH 2020, according
to concept or item.
ENIGH
Reference period
Sources of income and
Large items of expenditure
February March April May June July August September October November
Income from work
Property Rent
Transfers
Estimation of the rent of the house
Other current income
Spending on food, beverages, and
tobacco
Spending on clothing and footwear
Spending on housing and
conservation services; Electric
power, and fuels
Spending on items and services for
cleaning and care of the house;
glassware, whites, and household
utensils; household goods and
furniture
Healthcare Spending
Transportation expenditure;
acquisition, maintenance, accessories,
and services for vehicles; and
communications
Expenditure on education and
leisure items and services; Tour and
Party Packages, Lodging and
Accommodation
Spending on personal care;
accessories and personal effects; and
other miscellaneous expenditure
Expenditure transfers
7
Diagram 2. According to concept or item, the reference period of income and
expenditure of ENIGH E 1-2020.
Seasonal ENIGH
Reference period
Sources of income and
Large items of expenditure
2019 2020
July August September October November December January February March
Income from work
Property Rent
Transfers
Estimation of the rent of the house
Other current income
Spending on food, beverages, and
tobacco
Spending on clothing and footwear
Spending on housing and conservation
services; Electric power, and fuels
Spending on items and services for
cleaning and care of the house;
glassware, whites, and household
utensils; household goods and furniture
Healthcare Spending
Transportation expenditure; acquisition,
maintenance, accessories, and services
for vehicles; and communications
Expenditure on education and leisure
items and services; Tour and Party
Packages, Lodging and
Accommodation
Spending on personal care; accessories
and personal effects; and other
miscellaneous expenditure
Expenditure transfers
22. In diagrams 1 and 2, it can be seen that the ENIGH E 1-2020 manages to determine
the flow of household income and expenditure during December and January, while
the ENIGH Nueva Serie, by its design, fails to capture them.
23. In this way, ENIGH E 1-2020 presents the phenomenon's evolution concerning its
predecessor year, ENIGH 2018, and provides an economic overview of Mexico
before the health contingency caused by COVID-19. On the other hand, it also allows
to measure the change with the results of the ENIGH 2020, motivated by the
measures of confinement of the population and the closure of economic activity that
led to changes in income and expenditure in Mexican households.
24. An additional difference is that each program contains sample sizes of different
magnitudes; in the case of ENIGH E 1-2020, its size only allows for generating
results at the national level.
25. In December 2021, the survey of the Seasonal ENIGH was resumed, with a national
sample size of 51,000 homes. The information collection takes place from December
25, 2021, ending on January 8, 2023. This project is expected to have a periodicity
of execution every four years.
8
III. Conceptual design
26. The total current income of a household consists of monetary and non-monetary
sources that satisfy these three criteria:
INCLUSION CRITERIA EXCLUSION CRITERIA
REGULARITY AVAILABILITY WEALTH
Income sources must be regular
and subject to an uninterrupted
flow in a given period.
Income sources must
contribute to economic well-
being; that is, they must be
available to purchase goods and
services that the household can
use.
These income sources should
not include the flows that
modify the net wealth or the net
value of the assets and debts of
the household.
27. Given the transactional role of money, the total current income splits into current
monetary and non-monetary income.
28. Current expenditures:
A household's expenditures are the expenses it must make to satisfy its needs and
commitments.
The total current expenditures include all the expenses a household regularly incurs
to purchase its basic consumption basket, plus non-regular consumption expenses.
This concept does not consider the costs that modify the wealth of the householders.
29. Methods to measure consumption expenditure:
ENIGH measures consumption expenditure considering the purchase value of goods
and services and whether they were paid in full in the reference period.
ENIGH reports consumption expenditure when purchases are made in cash or with
credit cards, when goods are purchased using credit schemes provided by the seller,
whether formal or informal, the consumption expenditure reported by ENIGH
corresponds to paid consumption.
30. By composition, the current monetary expenditure of households is grouped into nine
categories: 1. Food, beverages, and tobacco; 2. Clothing and footwear; 3. Housing
and conservation services; Electric power and fuels; 4. Items and services for
cleaning and care of the house; glassware, whites, and household utensils; household
goods and furniture; 5. Healthcare Spending; 6. Transportation expenditure;
acquisition, maintenance, accessories, vehicle services, and communications; 7.
Expenditure on education, leisure items, and services; Tour and Party Packages,
Lodging, and Accommodation; 8. Personal care; accessories, personal effects, and
other miscellaneous expenditures; 9. Expenditure transfers.
9
IV. Results
31. Based on the ENIGH 2018 and 2020, we can conduct a series of analyses regarding
average current monetary expenditure, both in national terms and concerning various
population groups.
Average quarterly current monetary expenditure by income deciles, by survey year
Dollars, at constant 2020 prices
Decile ENIGH 2018 ENIGH 2020 Percentage Change
I 503 553 9.81%
II 715 690 -3.54%
III 867 826 -4.70%
IV 1,021 954 -6.50%
V 1,206 1,086 -9.98%
VI 1,370 1,234 -9.91%
VII 1,601 1,424 -11.06%
VIII 1,902 1,650 -13.24%
IX 2,411 2,072 -14.07%
X 4,372 3,424 -21.68%
Total 1,597 1,391 -12.87 %
32. The average quarterly monthly expenditure per household of ENIGH 2020 was 1,391
dollars, in contrast to 1,597 dollars in the 2018 edition, representing a decrease of
about 13%.
33. Analyzing this information by deciles2, it is observed that, in 2020, the first decile
presented an average quarterly current monetary expenditure of 553 dollars, while
the ENIGH 2018 reported 503 dollars, an increase of about 10 percent.
34. On the other hand, for households in the tenth decile, this average quarterly
expenditure was 3,424 dollars, while for 2018, the expenditure was 4,372 dollars, a
decrease of almost 22 percent.
35. In 2020, the quarterly average of current monetary expenditure per household in
urban areas was 1,509 dollars, 1.6 times that of rural areas with 963 dollars, while
for the ENIGH 2018 in urban areas, the expenditure was 1,776 dollars, and in rural
areas, 996 dollars.
36. In urban areas, for 2020, the average quarterly current monetary expenditure in the
first decile was 640 dollars, while for 2018, that decile reported an expenditure of
620 dollars, an increase of just over three percent. While the tenth decile of urban
areas in 2020 reported an expenditure of 3,672 dollars, and in 2018 same, a decile of
4,791 dollars, a decrease of just over 23 percent.
37. In rural areas, households in the first decile of the ENIGH 2020 reported an
expenditure of 421 dollars, while for the ENIGH 2018, the first decile reported 377
dollars, an increase of the order of 12%. In 2020, the expenditure of the tenth decile
2 Households can be grouped according to the income they receive. When ten sets of the same size are formed,
they are known as "deciles", so the first decile is made up of the tenth part of the households that have the
lowest incomes, and so on, until reaching the last decile, which is composed of the tenth part of the households
with the highest incomes.
10
in rural areas was 2,150 dollars. In 2018 was 2,355 dollars, a decrease of about 9
percent.
Spending on food, beverages, and tobacco
38. Food, beverages, and tobacco accounted for the largest category, reaching 529
dollars in 2020 and 562 dollars in 2018, a decrease of about 6%. In contrast, the item
of clothing and footwear reached 42 dollars in 2020 and 72 dollars in 2018, which
represents a decrease of 42 percent.
39. Food, beverages, and tobacco represented the largest category, 38% of current
monetary expenditure, while the proportion of these items in 2018 was just over 35%.
In contrast, clothing and footwear accounted for only 3% of current monetary
spending, compared to just over 4% in the 2018 edition.
40. For food, beverages, and tobacco, considering the first decile of the ENIGH 2020, an
expense of 277 dollars was reported, while for the ENIGH 2018, this decile presented
an expense of 251 dollars, an increase of just over 10 percent.
41. In the case of households of the tenth decile, for the ENIGH 2020, the expenditure
in the category of food, beverages, and tobacco was 975 dollars, while for the 2018
edition presented an expense of 1,111 dollars, that is, a decrease of just over 12
percent.
42. In 2020, the current monetary expenditure in the category of food, beverages, and
tobacco in urban areas was 561 dollars (quarterly average), 1.4 times that of rural
areas with 414 dollars, while for the ENIGH 2018 in urban areas, the expenditure
was 609 dollars, and in rural areas 405 dollars.
43. In urban areas, for 2020, the average quarterly current monetary expenditure for food,
beverages, and tobacco for the first decile was 308 dollars, while for 2018, this decile
reported an expense of 293 dollars, an increase of just over 5%. While the tenth decile
of urban areas reported an expenditure of 1,024 dollars in 2020, in 2018 was 1,172
dollars, a decrease of about 13 percent.
44. For rural areas, households in the first decile of the ENIGH 2020 reported spending
on the food, beverage, and tobacco category of 232 dollars, while for the ENIGH
2018, the first decile reported 211 dollars, an increase of almost 10%. For the tenth
decile in 2020 in rural areas, the expenditure was 709 dollars, and in 2018 of 732
dollars, a decrease of just over 3 percent.
45. In the case of food and beverages, with the highest average expenditure consumed
within the household in the quarter, meat stands out with 104 dollars in the case of
ENIGH 2020 and 99 dollars for ENIGH 2018, which represents an increase of 5.2%;
cereals in the ENIGH 2020 with 77 dollars and 76 dollars in the ENIGH 2018, that
is, an increase of 0.1%; other miscellaneous foods3 with 63 dollars for the ENIGH
2020 and 52 dollars in the ENIGH 2018, that is, an increase of 21.1%, and vegetables
presented an increase of 7.6%, being the expenditure of 54 dollars in the ENIGH
2020 and 50 dollars in the ENIGH 2018.
3 Rice cereal, oatmeal, mixed for baby; baby porridge; fresh mushrooms; custards, jellies, powdered puddings,
etc.
11
Expenditure on electric power
46. Regarding the expenditure on electric power, the average quarterly current monetary
expenditure per household of ENIGH 2020 was 32 dollars, in contrast to 30 dollars
in the 2018 edition, which represents an increase of just over 9 percent.
47. Analyzing this information by deciles, it is observed that, in 2020, the first decile
presented an expense in this area of 13 dollars, while the ENIGH 2018 reported 11
dollars, an increase of about 21 percent.
48. On the other hand, for households in the tenth decile, this expenditure was 73 dollars,
while for 2018, the expenditure was 66 dollars, which is an increase of almost 12
percent.
49. In 2020, the average quarterly current monetary expenditure per household of urban
areas in this item was 36 dollars, 1.8 times that of rural areas with 20 dollars. While
for ENIGH 2018, the expenditure was 33 dollars in urban areas and rural areas 18
dollars.
50. In urban areas, for 2020, the average quarterly current monetary expenditure for the
electric power item in the first decile was 16 dollars, while for 2018, this decile
reported an expense of 15 dollars, an increase of just over 11 percent. While the tenth
decile of urban areas in 2020 reported an expenditure of 79 dollars and 71 dollars in
2018, an increase of just over 11 percent.
51. In rural areas, households in the first decile of ENIGH 2020 reported an expenditure
of 10 dollars, while for ENIGH 2018, the first decile reported 7 dollars, an increase
of more than 31%. For the tenth decile in 2020 in rural areas, the expenditure was 42
dollars, and in 2018 of 36 dollars, an increase of more than 17 percent.
Expenditure on fuels for vehicles
52. The average quarterly current monetary expenditure in the category of fuels for
vehicles per household of the ENIGH 2020 was 83 dollars, in contrast to 100 dollars
in the 2018 edition, which represents a decrease of just over 17 percent.
53. Analyzing this information by deciles, it is observed that, in 2020, the first decile
presented an expense in this item of 12 dollars, while the ENIGH 2018 reported 10
dollars, an increase of 25 percent.
54. On the other hand, for households in the tenth decile, this expenditure was 263
dollars, while for 2018, the expenditure was 356 dollars, a decrease of just over 26
percent.
55. In 2020, the average quarterly current monetary expenditure in the fuels for vehicles
per household in urban areas was 90 dollars, 1.6 times that of rural areas with 55
dollars. Meanwhile, for ENIGH 2018, in urban areas, the expenditure was 113
dollars, and in rural areas, 57 dollars.
56. In urban areas, for 2020, the average quarterly current monetary expenditure for the
fuels for vehicles item in the first decile of urban areas was 13 dollars, while for 2018,
this decile reported an expense of 12 dollars, an increase of just over 16%. While the
tenth decile of urban areas in 2020 reported an expenditure of 276 dollars and 384
dollars in 2018, a decrease of just over 28 percent.
57. In rural areas, households in the first decile of ENIGH 2020 reported an expenditure
of 10 dollars, while for ENIGH 2018, the first decile reported 7 dollars, an increase
12
of more than 41%. For the tenth decile in 2020 in rural areas, the expenditure was
182 dollars, and in 2018 of 206 dollars, a decrease of more than 11 percent.
Healthcare Spending
58. Regarding healthcare of the ENIGH 2020, the average quarterly current monetary
expenditure was 59 dollars, in contrast to 42 dollars in the 2018 edition, representing
an increase of about 41 percent.
59. Analyzing this information by deciles, it is observed that, in 2020, the first decile
presented an expenditure in this item of 23 dollars, while the ENIGH 2018 reported
13 dollars, an increase of about 76 percent.
60. On the other hand, for households in the tenth decile, this expenditure was 174
dollars, while for 2018, the expenditure was 135 dollars, which is an increase of about
29 percent.
61. In 2020, the average quarterly monthly expenditure on healthcare in urban areas was
61 dollars or 1.2 times that of rural areas at 52 dollars; for ENIGH 2018, in urban
areas, the expenditure was 43 dollars, and in rural areas, 37 dollars.
62. In urban areas, for 2020, the average quarterly current monetary expenditure on
healthcare in the first decile was 25 dollars, while for 2018, that decile reported an
expenditure of 12 dollars, an increase of just over 104%. Meanwhile, the tenth decile
of urban areas in 2020 reported an expenditure of 183 dollars and 149 dollars in 2018,
a decrease of just over 23 percent.
63. In rural areas, households in the first decile of ENIGH 2020 reported an expenditure
of 19 dollars, while for ENIGH 2018, the first decile reported 11 dollars, an increase
of more than 73%. For the tenth decile in 2020 in rural areas, the expenditure was
155 dollars, and 94 dollars in 2018, a more than 65 percent decrease.
Main results in the expenditure
64. The 20 main items of average expenditure based on the ENIGH 2020 represent 86%
of the quarterly current monetary expenditure of households in Mexico. The first
three places with the highest expenditure correspond to spending on meat at 104
dollars, personal care at 85 dollars, and education at 83 dollars, while for the ENIGH
2018, the first place corresponded to education at 137 dollars, the second to food
outside the home with 128 dollars and the third to fuels for vehicles with 100 dollars.
65. The last three places on this list are the acquisition of vehicles, with 33 dollars in
2020, in contrast to 40 dollars in 2018, a decrease of 16.3%. Dressed presented an
expenditure of 27 dollars in 2020 and 44 dollars in 2018, a decrease of just over 39%.
Finally, from 20 dollars in 2020 to 39 dollars in 2018, recreation represents 50% less.
66. Based on ENIGH data, the proportion of expenditure on electric power went from
1.85% of current monetary expenditure in 2018 to 2.33% in 2020.
67. Finally, a table is presented with the percentage variation by item of expenditure
reported between ENIGH 2018 and ENIGH 2020.
13
Households and their current monetary expenditure on selected items
Percentage of current monetary expenditure
Item ENIGH 2018 ENIGH 2020 Percentage Change
Foods and beverages 35.22% 38.05% 2.83%
Clothing and footwear 4.48% 2.99% -1.49%
Housing and services 9.54% 10.98% 1.44%
Cleaning and care of the
house 5.87% 6.55% 0.68%
Transport and
communications 19.95% 18.56% -1.39%
Education and leisure 12.11% 7.68% -4.43%
Personal care 7.40% 8.01% 0.60%
Healthcare 2.62% 4.23% 1.61%
Expenditure transfers 2.80% 2.96% 0.16%
V. Conclusions
68. Households in Mexico during 2020 allocated almost 40% of their monetary
expenditure on food, nearly a fifth of their expenditure was used for transportation,
and just over 10% to cover housing needs and domestic services. Education, in 2018,
was an item to which 12.1% of total household spending was allocated; however, by
2020, this percentage dropped to 7.7%. On average per household, spending on
education and leisure was reduced by almost 45%, it is the item of expenditure that
fell the most in households compared to 2018. Similarly, average spending on
clothing and footwear and, in addition, transportation fell by 42% and almost 20%,
respectively, compared to the same year.
69. On the other hand, in 2020, average health expenditures increased by more than 40%
compared to 2018; it is a result that reflects how households adapted their
consumption habits in the face of the global health crisis. That is, households
sacrificed expenses on education, clothing, and footwear and, in addition, on
transportation; to meet their healthcare needs.
70. Overall, households in Mexico reduced their average spending by 13%; it can be
same that there was no considerable change compared to 2018. However, not all
households reduced their spending.
71. Households with the lowest incomes increased their quarterly average monetary
expenditure by less than 10%, as was the case of households in the first income
decile. The ENIGH 2020 reflects that lower-income households increased their
expenses while higher-income households reduced them considerably. Households
in the highest income decile reduced their monetary expenditure by almost 22%.
72. Healthcare spending was a growing area across the board. On the one hand,
households with lower incomes increased their average health expenditures by 76%,
and, at the same time, households with higher incomes in Mexico increased their
disbursement in this area by almost 30%.
73. Spending on education, on the other hand, was an item with widespread declines. It
is observed how all deciles reduced their average spending in this area, between 32
14
and 52%, compared to 2018. A similar case was that of spending on clothing and
footwear.
74. Regarding average transport spending, households with lower incomes increased
their disbursements on transport; but, on the other hand, households with higher
incomes decreased their allocations in this area by almost 30%.
75. In summary, in 2020, household monetary expenditure fell significantly. However,
lower-income households saw increased spending, while high-income households
decreased their monetary disbursements.
76. Faced with widespread healthcare needs, households sacrificed spending on
education, clothing, footwear, and transportation. On the other hand, spending on
housing and domestic services was an item of expenditure that increased across the
board compared to 2018.
77. Transportation spending increased in lower-income households but decreased
significantly in high-income households; Reductions explain this in fuel
consumption, foreign transport, and, to a lesser extent, by the fall in the acquisition
of vehicles for private use.
78. Expenditure on electricity consumption had a general increase in all deciles and
urban and rural areas.
79. Gini Coefficient allows appreciation of income inequality. The value of this
coefficient for income with transfers by deciles of households was 0.415 in 2020.
Besides, the Gini Coefficient will enable us to appreciate the positive effects of
transfers on income distribution. If 2020 there were no income transfers, the
concentration of these would have been higher because the Gini coefficient would
have had a value of 0.468 against 0.415 with transfers.
15
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UNECE. (2017). Guide on poverty measurement. United Nations Economic Commission for
Europe (UNECE).
https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/publications/2018/ECECESSTAT20174.pdf
- I. Objective
- II. Methodological aspects
- III. Conceptual design
- IV. Results
- V. Conclusions
- Bibliography
