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- English
Many transition economies in Europe and Central Asia are endowed with rich natural resources and biodiversity. At the same time, global climate change and associated extreme weather events are already affecting these countries, with serious economic and social consequences.
This Guide reflects the
… Serbia (SRB) The former Yugoslav Republic Turkey (TUR) of Macedonia (MKD) EASTERN EUROPE, CAUCASUS, AND CENTRAL ASIA … that territorial CO2 emissions of Europe, Central Asia and North America have declined somewhat since 1990 while …
- English
Since independence, Moldova has navigated the challenging transition to a market economy while achieving significant, albeit volatile, economic growth, reduced poverty levels and the status of a lower-middle-income economy. However, productivity growth has declined as original drivers of structural
… reform in Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. Skopje, North Macedonia: NALAS in cooperation with PLATFORMA and the … reform in Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. Skopje, North Macedonia: NALAS in cooperation with PLATFORMA and the …
- English
At advanced stages of transition to a market economy, entrepreneurship and enterprise development come to the forefront of the development agenda. However, in countries with economies in transition (or “emerging market economies”), both new and operational companies often face formidable
… Montenegro, Serbia, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), as well as the countries of Eastern Europe, the … 1 4 8 5 9 11 13 7 10 12 14 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 3 8 1 2 4 5 11 6 7 9 10 12 14 13 Serbia & …
- English
Innovation is the key driver of economic growth and development in the medium to long term. It can be defined as the process of introducing new products, services and production processes into the market place and to create new profitable enterprises and higher-paying jobs on this basis. A well-
… Property Rights, Skopje, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; available at: … have adopted a different approach to that employed in North America, and have opted for subsidies and other fiscal … Property Rights, Skopje, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; available at: …
- English
The world economy today is predominantly knowledge-driven and use of knowledge are the main drivers of growth, wealth creation and employment. The emergence of global knowledge-based value chains as the key drivers of global economic growth is both a challenge and an opportunity for businesses and
… Montenegro, Serbia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) as well as the countries of Eastern Europe, the … part of Israel from Beer Sheva to the Galilee in the north; • The Pamir Private Power Projects (in eastern …
- English
This Review focuses on knowledge and innovation as key factors for competitiveness and growth in the modern economy. Policies seeking to create an environment conducive to the generation and diffusion of innovation are increasingly taking a central role in national and international policy debates
… Montenegro, Serbia and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) as well as the countries of Eastern Europe, … on Innovation and Competitiveness Policies”, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Economics, June …
- English
The public sector plays a very significant role in modern economies. As in the business sector, innovation can be a major source of productivity growth, cost savings and improvements in service quality; benefits which then also positively affect businesses and citizens who rely on an
… 2 Dennis Patrick Leyden, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, United States of America 1.1 … Croatia, Iceland, Norway, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Switzerland. Similarly to the previous …
- English
Innovation has never been higher on the economic policy agenda, and features prominently in the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Republic of Tajikistan has achieved strong economic and social development over recent years, and has made important steps in moving
… in this category include Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, … Shahristan, Shar and Chormagzak tunnels; and "South-North" and "Lolazor- Khatlon" power transmission lines. … for the surveillance and control in Central and Northern Asia IC-INTAS Tajik Veterinary Research Institute …
- English
Innovation is a key driver of sustainable development and economic growth, and for meeting the Millennium Development Goals, as re-affirmed by the 2013 Annual Ministerial Review of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. The global financial crisis of 2008-2009, the effects of which are
… Montenegro, Serbia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) as well as the countries of Eastern Europe, …
- English
Innovation – or the systematic experimentation with new ideas – is essential for the sustained economic growth and enhanced competitiveness of the seven countries of the United Nations Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia (SPECA), i.e., Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
… Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkiye, …
- English
Innovation in its many forms has been recognized as a critical dimension in improving economic performance in knowledge-driven economies. The innovation activity of firms is a key driver of competitiveness and economic growth. Although the process occurs at a company level through skillful
… 95 Table 4.6. Profile of a typical North American university research park … business incubators worldwide of which some 1,500 are in North America, and more than 1,000 are in Europe.28 Box …
- English
The COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have negatively affected economic development in UNECE member States, significantly disrupting international trade, investment and cooperation. Because of their geographical location and development stage, these shocks have hit especially hard in
… Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and …
- English
This publication presents a collection of contributions by experts involved in the UNECE work on innovation and competitiveness policies carried out under the UNECE Committee on Economic Cooperation and Integration (CECI). The publication addresses a wide range of issues related to the promotion of
… policy implications Michael P. Gallaher, RTI International, North Carolina, United States of America … a convergence process in business innovation between northern European countries, with a more advanced …
- English
The Innovation Performance Review of Kazakhstan continues the series of national assessments of innovation policies initiated by the pilot Innovation Performance Review of Belarus. These policy advisory exercises draw on the experience accumulated by the UNECE in the
… be characterized as agrarian-industrial regions (Kostanai, North-Kazakhstan and Akmola oblasts in the north, Zhambyl and South-Kazakhstan in the south and Almaty … are sent to top universities in 25 countries in Europe, North America and Asia. Virtually all graduates of the …
- English
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the delivery of public services have become a world wide phenomenon and are generating great interest. PPPs combine the best of both worlds, but they also present a severe organizational and institutional challenge for the public sector. To address the
… and businesses on good governance in PPPs; 7 Douglass C. North (1990): Institutions, Institutional Change and … of Israel from south of Beer sheva to the Galilee in the north. The central section of the road, named after Yitzhak …
- English
Effective support to innovation requires specialized financial intermediaries that are able to provide not only money but also managerial and technical expertise. The review focuses on the provision of early-stage equity financing to innovative technology-based enterprises with a view to
… 43 B. North America … the Angel Capital Association,15 the equivalent of EBAN in North America. 2. Amount and value added In 2005, the …
- English
The handbook seeks to support policymakers in the Eastern Europe and South Caucasus (EESC) sub-region to design effective policies and institutions to further enable and foster the potential of innovative, high-growth entrepreneurship as invaluable drivers for innovation-led sustainable development
… in partnership with accelerators in Western Europe or North America. Interviewees stressed that these partnerships … Regulation and small business growth: Case studies from North West England. London: Department for Business, Energy …
- English
The UNECE region, including the participating countries of the United Nations Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia (SPECA), have recently faced a number of challenges, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting economic downturn, the impact of military conflict in Ukraine, and the
… in Central and Eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and the South Caucasus), and even … IMF. (2021). State-Owned Enterprises in Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia: Size, Costs, and Challenges. … Regulation and small business growth: Case studies from North West England. London: Department for Business, Energy …
- English
This handbook covers the key steps and considerations to set up, run, and evaluate business incubation programmes. Section 1 outlines the defining characteristics of BIs and their effectiveness in transition economies. Section 2 describes the stages of business incubator creation, namely: BI
… 2017 Source: UNECE, adapted from https://inbia.org/ NORTH AMERICA 1400 AUSTRALIA NO INFO WESTERN EUROPE 900 … of City Property of Moscow and the Prefecture of the North-West Administrative District of Moscow. Target groups …
- English
In modern, competitive economies, knowledge-based innovation is the foundation for economic development. Sustained growth and improved living standards can only be obtained by increasing productivity and introducing new and better products and services that compete successfully in the global
… Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCF National … ownership, with foreign ownership largely accounted for by North America (20%), Europe (10%), and Russia and CIS (8%). …